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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.
Three scales of temperature, each of which permits a precise measurement, are in current use: the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. These three different temperature scales were each developed by different people and have come to be used in different situations.
The scale that is most widely used by the general public in the United States is the Fahrenheit scale. In 1714, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German physicist who was living in Holland and operating an instrument business, developed a thermometer and the temperature scale that still carries his name. His original scale had two fixed points: 0º was the lowest temperature and 96º was what he believed was the normal temperature of the human body. Based on this scale, he calculated that the freezing point of water was 32º; in later studies, it was determined that the boiling point of water was 212º. The Fahrenheit scale came to be accepted as the standard measure of temperature in a number of countries. Today, however, the United States is the only major country in the world that still uses the Fahrenheit scale.
The scale that is in use in many other countries is the Celsius scale. Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, developed a thermometer in 1741 that based temperatures on the freezing and boiling temperatures of water. On the thermometer that Celsius developed, however, 0º was used to indicate the boiling temperature of water, and 100º was used to indicate the freezing temperature of water. After his death, the scale was reversed by a friend, the biologist Carl von Linne. On the new scale after the reversal by von Linne, 0º indicated the freezing temperature of water, and 100º indicated the boiling temperature of water. At around the same time, a similar thermometer was being developed in France. After the French Revolution, the scale developed in France was adopted as part of the metric system in that country under the name centigrade, which means "a hundred units," and from there it spread worldwide. In 1948, an international agreement was made to rename the centigrade scale the Celsius scale in honor of the scientist who was first known to use a 100-degree scale, though it should be remembered that the scale that Celsius actually used himself was the reverse of today's scale.
A third scale, the Kelvin scale, is generally used today for scientific purposes. This scale was first suggested in 1854 by two English physicists: William Thomson, Lord Kelvin and James Prescott Joule. The Kelvin scale defines 0º as absolute zero, the temperature at which all atomic and molecular motion theoretically stops, and 100º separates the freezing point and boiling point of water, just as it does on the Celsius scale. On the Kelvin scale, with 0º equal to absolute zero, water freezes at 273º, and water boils at a temperature 100º higher. The Kelvin scale is well suited to some areas of scientific study because it does not have any negative values, yet it still maintains the 100º difference between the freezing point and boiling point of water that the Celsius scale has and can thus easily be converted to the Celsius scale by merely subtracting 273º from the temperature on the Kelvin scale.
(Adapted from TOEFL Reading Practice by Deborah Philips)
What is the main idea of the passage?
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.
The relationship between Britain and the US has always been a close one. Like all close relationships it has had difficult times. The US was first a British colony, but between 1775 and 1783 the US fought a war to become independent. The US fought the British again in the War of 1812.
In general, however, the two countries have felt closer to each other than to any other country, and their foreign policies have shown this. During World War I and World War II, Britain and the US supported each other. When the US looks for foreign support, Britain is usually the first country to come forward and it is sometimes called “the 51st state of the union”.
But the special relationship that developed after 1945 is not explained only by shared political interests. An important reason for the friendship is that the people of the two countries are very similar. They share the same language and enjoy each other's literature, films and television. Many Americans have British ancestors, or relatives still living in Britain. The US government and political system is based on Britain's, and there are many Anglo-American businesses operating on both sides of the Atlantic. In Britain some people are worried about the extent of US influence, and there is some jealousy of its current power. The special relationship was strong in the early 1980s when Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister in Britain and Ronald Reagan was President of the US.
(Adapted from Background to British and American Cultures)
What is the passage mainly about?
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each the numbered blanks.
The "greenhouse effect" is the warming that happens when certain gases in Earth's atmosphere (26) _______ heat. These gases let in light but keep heat from escaping, like the glass walls of a greenhouse. First, sunlight shines onto the Earth's surface, (27) ________ it is absorbed and then radiates back into the atmosphere as heat. In the atmosphere, “greenhouse gases trap some of this heat, and the the rest escapes into space. The more greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere, the more heat gets trapped.
Scientists have known about the greenhouse effect since 1824, when Joseph Fourier calculated that the Earth would be much colder if it had no atmosphere. This greenhouse effect is what keeps the Earth's climate (28) _______. Without it, the Earth's surface would be an average of about 60 degrees Fahrenheit cooler. Scientists often use the term "climate change" instead of global warming. This is because as the Earth's average temperature climbs, winds and ocean currents move heat around the globe in ways that can cool some areas, warm (29) _______, and change the amount of rain and snow falling. (30) _______, the climate changes differently in different areas.
(Source: https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent)
