Cho \(M = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{7} + \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{9} + ... + \frac{1}{{2022}} - \frac{1}{{2023}}\).

Chứng minh rằng \(\frac{1}{5} < M < \frac{2}{5}.\)

Ta có:

\(M = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{7} + \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{9} + ... + \frac{1}{{2022}} - \frac{1}{{2023}}\)

\(M = \left( {\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{5}} \right) + \left( {\frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{7}} \right) + \left( {\frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{9}} \right) + ... + \left( {\frac{1}{{2022}} - \frac{1}{{2023}}} \right)\)

\(M = \frac{{13}}{{60}} + \left( {\frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{7}} \right) + \left( {\frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{9}} \right) + ... + \left( {\frac{1}{{2022}} - \frac{1}{{2023}}} \right)\)

Nhận thấy \(\frac{{13}}{{60}} > \frac{{12}}{{60}}\)

Do đó, \(\frac{{13}}{{60}} + \left( {\frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{7}} \right) + \left( {\frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{9}} \right) + ... + \left( {\frac{1}{{2022}} - \frac{1}{{2023}}} \right) > \frac{{12}}{{60}}\) hay \(M > \frac{{12}}{{60}}\).

Suy ra \(M > \frac{1}{5}\) (1).

Lại có: \(M = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{7} + \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{9} + ... + \frac{1}{{2022}} - \frac{1}{{2023}}\)

\(M = \left( {\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{6}} \right) - \left( {\frac{1}{7} - \frac{1}{8}} \right) - \left( {\frac{1}{9} - \frac{1}{{10}}} \right) - ... - \left( {\frac{1}{{2021}} - \frac{1}{{2022}}} \right) - \frac{1}{{2023}}\)

\(M = \frac{{23}}{{60}} - \left( {\frac{1}{7} - \frac{1}{8}} \right) - \left( {\frac{1}{9} - \frac{1}{{10}}} \right) - ... - \left( {\frac{1}{{2021}} - \frac{1}{{2022}}} \right) - \frac{1}{{2023}}\)

Nhận thấy \(\frac{{23}}{{60}} < \frac{{24}}{{60}}\).

Suy ra \(\frac{{23}}{{60}} - \left( {\frac{1}{7} - \frac{1}{8}} \right) - \left( {\frac{1}{9} - \frac{1}{{10}}} \right) - ... - \left( {\frac{1}{{2021}} - \frac{1}{{2022}}} \right) - \frac{1}{{2023}} < \frac{{24}}{{60}}\).

Do đó, \(M < \frac{{24}}{{60}}\) hay \(M < \frac{2}{5}\) (2)

Từ (1) và (2) ta có \(\frac{1}{5} < M < \frac{2}{5}\) (đpcm)