Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.

Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing.

Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One example of such unexplained behavior: Honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun’s position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the location of the new site.

Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

We should not allow any kind of discrimination against women and girls.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

People have eliminated poverty and hunger in many parts of the world.

There was a long queue at the ___________ and some of them were getting impatient.

We spent nearly 2 hours waiting outside the airport, then out _____________.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

I feel very tired because I didn’t sleep _________ last night.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

He started learning English six years ago.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 35.

One of the most difficult things young people have to face when they want to travel is the lack of funds. During the summer holiday and possibly at weekends, they are able to take on part-time jobs, but the money make is just a drop in the bucket of what they need to travel far away. For example, travelling to Australia from Vietnam can be quite expensive just for an airline ticket, and to a lot of students want to travel, it can seem out of reach.

For students want to travel Australia and New Zealand in particular, however, they are in luck. Although many countries offer working holidays, these two countries are well-known for offering them. When a young person signs up to get a working holiday visa, he only pays for the round-trip airfare to get to either place and only needs to carry some extra cash for incidentals. Once he is there, a job awaits where he can earn some money.

Many of the jobs require little or no experience such as picking fruit or working in a busy pub out in the countryside. Some of the jobs require more experience that most people or unlikely to have, such as being certified welder to work for eight weeks on a farm. That shouldn’t discourage you, though, there is always something to be found if you search hard enough.

There are many websites that advertise working holidays in Australia and New Zealand. If you have the courage and are looking for a way to make a little money and see the world, it might be just the ticket you were looking for.

Where can people find working holidays advertised?