Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Electronic devices are becoming increasingly common in educational environments. The term most commonly used for such devices is "educational technology". This is not actually a new idea, as the rewritable wax tablets, often with lined surfaces to guide novice writers used in antiquity or the blackboard itself are both instances of technological innovations to support pedagogy.

There are many different ways in which electronic devices are used in education. For example, students in STEM (science, technology, engineering medicine) fields have been making extensive use of sophisticated calculators for many years (the abacus and slide rule were non-electronic predecessors to calculators).

In humanities as well as sciences, students use computers or equivalent devices to do research and write papers.

In all fields, courses are now likely to have websites, and many instructors use course management software such as Blackboard, to post information for students, record grades, set up online discussions, and check for plagiarism.

In lecture classes, many instructors project slides or notes on a screen and may even upload lecture notes so that students can review them. Some courses are hybrid, meaning that they have a strong online component, or offered entirely online. Many courses taught in conventional lecture halls are streamed online, and may use devices such as clickers to become more interactive.

Any device (including tablets or cell phones) that instructors incorporate into a learning environment functions as educational technology.

According to the passage, the term "educational technology" refers to ____.