Câu hỏi:

05/01/2025 125 Lưu

As mass communication and transport continue to grow, societies are becoming more and more alike, leading to a phenomenon known as globalization. Some people fear that globalization will inevitably lead to the total loss of cultural identity. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

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Giải bởi Vietjack

Sample 1:

Globalisation is the result of societies becoming more and more similar as mass communication and transportation expand. But the fear that it will result in the complete loss of cultural identity is not illogical. I believe that as societies adopt global trends, traditions particular to each culture are at risk of fading away.

One way in which globalization destroys cultural identity is through the influence of Western values and lifestyles. The spread of Western media, fashion, and consumerism often dominates local traditions. Younger generations, influenced by global trends, may find it easier to relate to international icons than to their own cultural heritage. For example, I have seen men and women preferring western outfits like skirt, trousers instead of the ethnic dresses like sarees, dhoti, etc.

Then, the similarity of products and services worldwide decreases the uniqueness of local goods. Global brands offer uniform experiences, replacing the charm of traditional, locally crafted items. As a result, communities may lose pride in their unique creations, contributing to the loss of cultural identity. Also, language, an essential aspect of cultural expression, is affected by globalization. As English becomes the global language, native languages face the risk of destruction.

Finally, while globalization encourages global connectivity and economic growth, it threatens the safety of cultural identity. The power of Western values, the standardization of products, and the generalization of language contribute to a world where distinct cultural expressions are at risk of being lost. So, balancing between global influences and the preservation of local traditions is important to maintaining the variety that makes each society special. 

Sample 2:

Globalization, the connection of societies through mass communication and transport, has undoubtedly brought the world closer. Some individuals worry that cultural identity will eventually completely disappear as a result of it. However, in my opinion, globalization promotes a global exchange of ideas and practices and provides an opportunity for cultures to develop and adapt to a more interconnected world. I will discuss this point of view in the upcoming paragraphs.

Firstly, globalization is the celebration and preservation of cultural diversity. As societies become more exposed to different traditions and customs, there is a growing appreciation for the uniqueness of each culture. For instance, while fast-food chains may be prevalent worldwide, local culinary traditions, like Spanish paella valenciana, Indian butter chicken, Korean bibimbap, Japanese sushi, etc., continue to flourish. Secondly, the exchange of ideas and technologies can enhance rather than ruin cultural identity. Through globalization, communities can integrate advancements while still maintaining their fundamental values and traditions. This adaptability allows cultures to evolve, ensuring their relevance in a changing world.

The fear of cultural identity loss often disregards the strength of local communities. In the face of globalization, many societies actively work to preserve and promote their cultural heritage. Festivals, language programs, and local initiatives help build up a sense of identity and pride, ensuring that traditions are passed down to future generations. Moreover, educational programs, cultural exchanges, and international partnerships demonstrate how globalization can be a force for cultural celebration rather than homogenization.

In conclusion, rather than leading to the total loss of cultural identity, globalization can be a stimulant for cultural enhancement and understanding. Therefore, I think it provides an opportunity for societies to embrace diversity, adapt positively to change, and actively preserve their unique traditions. With a balanced approach, globalization can coexist with the flourishing of cultural identities around the world.

Sample 3:

Globalisation has become integrated through the global network of trade, transportation, communication and immigration. It is feared by many to eventually bring an end to cultural identity. However, I am convinced that not only will globalization help retain and improve local cultures, but it also will strengthen cultural bonds between distant communities.

First of all, people can realise how they are different from others in distant lands, which may lead to their interest in learning about other cultures. This means every culture will have to preserve and present its unique features such as local cuisine or craftsmanship in order to maintain foreign interest in itself and have something to offer in competition with other communities. As a result, a sense of cultural identity can be reinforced – even rekindled and restored where it has already been lost.

Secondly, cultures in different parts of the world familiarise themselves with the ceremonies, food and clothes of other people, it is highly likely that they will begin to improve on their own, thus developing more efficient ways of life while retaining their original characteristics.

Finally, although some people might think that the aforementioned “trade” of cultural features can doom the unique identity of a culture, they need to consider that this will not necessarily result in local people abolishing their culture and fully embracing another. Instead, the communication and exchange involved in globalisation can improve understanding and tolerance in the international community, which certainly can help with the conservation of older cultures and their sense of identity.

In conclusion, I think if the positive aspects of globalisation are considered and stressed, it is not likely to pose any threats to the cultural identity of local communities and will instead contribute to it in a variety of ways.

Sample 4:

Mass communication and transport are growing at a faster rate and provide an opportunity to become a change in international globalisation. Because of this incredible growth we have to limit the world, able to reach people in a smaller span of time and can see and roam all over the globe. Some people think this change is not good for their culture and are strongly against it. In my opinion, change plays a vital role in someone's growth.

If we look at the history, we accepted many changes in our day-to-day life which made our life comfortable and easy to live. We are in the 21st century and we have a solution for almost everything. For example, a patient who is suffering from a severe disease and not getting better treatment in one place, he would have the option to get treatment in another place, maybe in some other country. We get this information via internet, TV, news. This is how people are connected and helping each other to survive and excel in their life.

Yet to another part of above, a culture cannot be represented by the dress someone wears, the language what someone speaks, it’s just a lifestyle which is acceptable by someone and helps lead their life all with happiness. Though humans have different characteristics, they have the same emotions and feelings towards their own family member. They can act differently in some situations, but the pain and sorrows are almost same in all human being because that's God given.

Therefore, I do not agree that mass communication and transport have any negative impact on culture, it is up to each individual to decide what changes they want to incorporate into their life. Hence, criticising other cultures and not giving human value can bring disaster and put us in soup.

Sample 5:

We are living in a globalization era and the whole world has become a global village. Due to this there are no barriers to communicate with each other as well as travel to different places. Some people argue that the identity of any culture will be totally lost due to globalization. I totally agree with this statement and numerous reasons behind it.

Firstly, every nation has its own cultural value which is spoiling day by day due to globalization. When people migrate from developing countries to developed countries then they see different cultures and lifestyles which are followed by local people. As result of it, they try to adopt them to survive easily in that country. That’s why the own identity of a person or cultural values will not exist. For instance, mostly people adopt western culture such as living relationship, live apart from family. So that people’s native culture will definitely affected in future.

Furthermore, persons when they travel to other countries then they communicate with other in foreign language because they think it put great impression on local person. Native language of that person will suffer a lot. For example, developing countries persons such as Indian also face this problem when they communicate to other countries. However, globalization helps to communicate worldwide so with the help of this people expand their business as well as gain knowledge about other countries.

To conclude, globalization help to improve the economy of world but it also loss personal identity as well as culture values.

Sample 6:

Globalization has undoubtedly brought the world closer together, leading to increased cultural exchange and integration. However, I do not believe that it will inevitably lead to the total loss of cultural identity. Instead, I argue that globalization can coexist with the preservation of unique cultural identities.

Firstly, it is important to acknowledge that globalization has indeed led to the spread of certain cultural elements, such as language, food, and fashion, across the globe. This has resulted in a more homogenized global culture in some aspects. However, it is essential to recognize that cultures are dynamic and adaptable. Rather than disappearing, they have the capacity to evolve and incorporate external influences while retaining their core traditions and values.

Furthermore, the advancement of technology and communication has also provided a platform for the preservation and promotion of diverse cultural identities. People can now easily access and share information about their heritage, traditions, and customs, leading to a heightened awareness and appreciation of cultural diversity. This has led to the emergence of global movements aimed at preserving and celebrating cultural heritage.

Moreover, governments and organizations have recognized the importance of safeguarding cultural identities in the face of globalization. Efforts to protect and promote traditional practices, languages, and arts have been increasingly prioritized through policies and initiatives. This demonstrates a commitment to maintaining cultural diversity in the midst of global integration.

In conclusion, while globalization has undoubtedly impacted the way cultures interact and evolve, I believe that it does not necessarily lead to the total loss of cultural identity. Instead, it presents an opportunity for cultures to thrive and coexist in a more interconnected world.

Sample 7:

Nowadays, people start to be cautious about the effects of globalization particularly the total loss of cultural identity. From my point of view, globalization gradually changes the nature of nations and create an international culture. On the other hand, this phenomenon can help nations remove depraved customs which are very difficult with some Asian countries.

First of all, with mass media and international transport as tools, globalization will introduce to countries a new and model culture. Slowly but stably globalization rehabilitates mostly young people who are the future owner of countries to decline their cultural identities and adopt new culture. By assimilating national characters to its ideal custom, globalization will lead to the total loss of countries’ natures.

Furthermore, after blending local custom with its new character, this phenomenon will build up an international culture. This newly-born one will merge all national characters into one and only culture. Therefore, states should take actions to prevent this process of integrating otherwise all cultural identities will fail to exist.

However, people should realize the good side of internationalization to exploit it. It is true that globalization alters countries’ characters including some outdated ones which are harmful for modern societies. In this point of view, this phenomenon can support nations especially Asian countries including Vietnam in their progress of erasing depraved customs.

In conclusion, every country should make sure to put globalization progress under its control to protect its cultural identity and decline depraved customs from its characters.

Sample 8:

The ability to instantly communicate on a global scale has led to the phenomenon of globalisation where the world is becoming more inter-connected. While it is often claimed that this will unavoidably lead to the destruction of some cultures, I believe that it this is not entirely true.

People crave new experiences, so instead of destroying culture, the opening of the world makes the richness of different cultures more available for people to explore. It is only necessary to visit the central business district of a large city to see the wide range of restaurants serving different ethnic foods from all over the world to understand that different cultures have an important place in the world. While culture is about more than food and food, even food can be changed from how it is in the traditional culture, it shows that globalisation can help aspects of different cultures to thrive rather than perish.

Moreover, although it is true that people might follow similar fashion trends and consume the same kinds of entertainment, these trends can be influenced by cultures all over the world. Fashion designers and music producers, for example, increasingly look to different cultures for new ideas and creations. Although, these new globalised products are not always exactly reflective of the culture they came from, the internet allows people who are curious to search more about their background and understand more about the culture in which they originated.

Globalisation might mean all humans have a shared “world” culture, but that means interesting or unique elements of all cultures can be highlighted rather than destroyed. Humans are always looking for something new, and mass communication and globalisation encourages novelty rather than uniformity of culture. 

Sample 9:

Globalization means that in some ways people around the world are becoming more and more similar. We often eat the same food, watch the same TV programmes, listen to the same music and we wear the same clothes. Some of this at least can be blamed on the spread of multinational brands available all over the world. On the surface, it may appear as if the global diversity of cultural identities is being lost.

If, the argument goes, people in Tokyo and London look and dress the same, then that must mean that cultural differences are disappearing. However, I would argue that this is a very narrow definition of culture and that in fact cultural differences are as present as ever. Cultural Identity is built on far more than just the films we watch or the Jeans we wear. The foundation of cultural identity is shared values. When you look in detail at different cultures, you realize that the things that are important to one culture can be very different from the things valued by another culture.

Take my own culture, India, as an example and compare it to a very different culture, Japan. Although I have never visited Japan personally, I believe that it is a culture which places a lot of value on hard work and that people often work very long hours. The Indian people, in contrast, greatly value their leisure time and strive to spend as much lime with their family as they possibly can. Even if we consume the same products, I would argue that there are still some very deep-rooted differences.

To summarize, I do not accept that total loss of cultural identity is inevitable, despite the influence of large companies and their products around the globe.

CÂU HỎI HOT CÙNG CHỦ ĐỀ

Lời giải

Sample 1:

The issue of addressing the global challenge of feeding a rapidly expanding population has spurred discussions about potential solutions, including the adoption of Genetically Modified (GM) foods. While some proponents argue that GM foods present a viable answer to this problem, I fundamentally disagree. The potential risks associated with GM foods and the availability of alternative sustainable approaches make me skeptical about their efficacy as a long-term solution.

To begin with, Genetically Modified foods often involve the manipulation of organisms' genetic makeup to enhance desirable traits, such as increased crop yield or resistance to pests. While this may seem promising in theory, the unintended consequences of genetic modification could pose significant risks to human health and the environment. For instance, allergens or toxins could be inadvertently introduced into GM crops, leading to adverse effects on consumers. The release of genetically modified organisms into the environment could also disrupt natural ecosystems and harm biodiversity.

Additionally, the push for GM foods detracts attention and resources from more sustainable and holistic agricultural practices that have the potential to address food security challenges without compromising safety. Agroecological approaches, such as crop rotation, agroforestry, and integrated pest management, offer environmentally friendly alternatives to intensive monocultures and chemical-based farming. These methods promote soil health, water conservation, and biodiversity, all of which are crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability of food production.

In conclusion, while the growing global population necessitates innovative solutions for food security, I am opposed to the idea that GM foods offer a viable remedy. The potential risks to human health and the environment, coupled with the availability of more sustainable agricultural practices, make me doubtful about the long-term efficacy of genetically modified foods. Instead of relying solely on GM foods, it is imperative to explore diverse and sustainable approaches that prioritize both human well-being and the planet's health.

Sample 2:

To tackle food shortages, many scientists recommend genetically modified (GM) food as a solution. Despite some concerns regarding this solution, I strongly believe that this is the future for food security.

The first benefit that GM foods offer is that it has significantly higher yield compared to traditional crops. GM foods have their genes altered to reproduce their cells quicker, leading to faster crop productions. Also, GM foods are capable of withstanding harsh environments, such as during winters and dry summers. Another benefit of consuming more GM foods is that they require fewer pesticides, contrary to popular belief. Because scientists design GM foods to be resistant to common pests, farmers do not need to spray pesticides as regularly as they would growing traditional crops.

However, despite these benefits, there are some concerns that researchers should revisit before populating GM foods. The first concern is the impact GM crops have on the ecosystem. Because these crops are known to be resistant to pests, it could lead to the eradication of pest species. As a result, this can disrupt the ecosystem’s balance. The second concern is that, due to GM crops’ high efficiency and rapid growth, they can easily become an invasive species with unhealthy farming practices. This problem, aside from damaging the ecosystem, also has adverse effects on the economy. For example, if one plot destined to grow a certain plant gets invaded by another species, farmers will experience a loss of income.  

In conclusion, although admittedly, there are some legitimate concerns for GM foods, I still strongly agree that GM crops are the most feasible solution to the global food shortage.  

Sample 3:

Feeding the ever-growing world population is undoubtedly a significant challenge that needs to be addressed. Some individuals argue that genetically modified (GM) foods could provide a viable solution to this problem. In my opinion, while GM foods may offer certain benefits, they also come with potential risks and drawbacks that need to be carefully considered.

Proponents of GM foods argue that they can help increase crop yields, improve nutritional content, and enhance resistance to pests and diseases. This, they claim, would enable farmers to produce more food on less land, ultimately helping to feed a larger population. Additionally, GM foods have the potential to withstand harsh environmental conditions, such as drought or extreme temperatures, making them more resilient and reliable sources of food.

However, it is important to acknowledge the concerns surrounding GM foods. Critics argue that the long-term health and environmental impacts of consuming and cultivating GM crops are not yet fully understood. There are also ethical considerations, such as the potential for corporate control over the food supply and the loss of biodiversity. Furthermore, the introduction of GM crops into natural ecosystems could have unforeseen consequences, disrupting delicate ecological balances.

In conclusion, while GM foods may offer some potential benefits in addressing the challenge of feeding a growing world population, the risks and uncertainties associated with their widespread adoption cannot be ignored. It is crucial to conduct thorough research and risk assessments to ensure that the benefits outweigh the potential drawbacks. Ultimately, a balanced approach that takes into account the needs of both current and future generations is necessary to tackle this pressing issue.

Sample 4:

Whether GM foods are the ultimate answer to address the need to feed the ever-growing global population has been a topic of fierce argument recently among intellectuals across the world. However, I fully agree with the statement that such foods are an effective remedy to worldwide food scarcity.

One obvious advantage of GM foods is better production in lesser time which will ensure food for more people that too utilizing a few resources. In addition, these foods and their cultivation are a lot more environmentally-friendly than normal foods because the former are highly resilient to diseases, pests and insects which reduces the need to use harmful herbicides, pesticides, insecticides and so on. This also ensures that people get pure fruits and grains, for example, free from chemicals.

Better texture, varied flavors and improved nutritional values are some other qualities which make genetically modified foods a viable solution to shortage of food. When such high-quality foods are made available at cheaper prices, it will sure save governments and individuals substantial sums of money, not to mention the obvious health benefits for people. Further, longer shelf-life makes bioengineered foods easier to transport to distant places and store them. Last but not least, their potentially non-allergenic nature makes them Manna from heaven for the hungry millions.

In short, GM foods are the need of the hour. Therefore, the authorities across the world need to spring to action to mass-produce genetically-engineered foods and make them available to people thereby saving hundreds of thousands of lives from malnutrition and starvation.

Sample 5:

As the population is increasing at a fast rate across the world, a shortage of food is becoming a perplexing problem. Some individuals suggest that this can be addressed by genetically modified foods. In my opinion, I totally disagree with the statement since engineering genetic foods have a high risk of potential problems and negative environmental impacts.

The main issue of genetic modification organism is a risk of potential problems after having the food for a long-term. This is because scientists or nutritionists are not sure about the long-term effects and safety as it is a relatively new practice. For example, food allergic reactions have risen in the last decade such as nuts or dairy products, which resulted from consuming GM foods. In addition, there are also a large number of people who hold concerns about the potential risks to human health affected by GM crops such as inducing mutations in human genes. Therefore, numerous people have an inclination toward eating organic food rather than GM foods.

Another thing to consider is that the agricultural method of GMOs brings harmful effects on the environment and ecosystem. Firstly, the changes in the agricultural practice affect on the farming and where weeds or other harmful factors become stronger. This results in overuse of the toxic sprays such as pesticides and herbicides. Secondly, the new cultivation method is harmful for non-GMO crops and also insects or animals, which can lead to loss of biodiversity. To illustrate this, bees play an important role in the pollination of various food crops, but they are vulnerable from the sprays.

In conclusion, I am strongly opposed to the opinion that genetically modified foods can deal with

a shortage of food due to the world demographic growth. This is for the reason that it has potential problems affecting people’s health and it has negative effects on environmental impacts and biodiversity.

Lời giải

Sample 1:

There is a great number of people travelling and visiting other nations, these days. This can be caused by several reasons and personally, it is a positive development.

To begin with, there are two contributing factors behind people’s motivation to travel. First, many of them may want to learn more about unfamiliar cultures as during their trip, they are allowed to get exposed to local people and observe cultural differences here. This gives them a chance to make a comparison of cultural traits in different nations, which helps them enrich their knowledge and have a more profound understanding of the world. Second, a number of people decide to go on a trip to another nation so that they can visit their relatives or family members who live overseas. Video calls or photos only help them see each other’s faces without hugging or holding hands, and therefore, they desire to travel abroad so as to meet their beloved ones in the flesh.

I believe the prevalence of cross-border trips brings about great positive effects on society. With many travellers coming to a country, the demand for housing and food here will likely grow, so local people can earn a great amount of money through providing shelters and selling their traditional cuisines. For instance, Thailand is a country that welcomes millions of travellers from around the world annually, thanks to which the tourism industry here can flourish. Thousands of jobs have also been created, such as workers in travel agencies, taxi drivers or tour guides, to serve the great number of international tourists. Therefore, many Thai residents working in this industry have escaped poverty, avoided unemployment and enjoyed a better life quality.

In conclusion, people these days travel across the border in order to acquire new knowledge and see one another. In my opinion, this development is positive due to its various social benefits.

Sample 2:

More and more people today are choosing to travel internationally. This positive development is mainly because of a rise in middle-class income coupled with advances in aviation.

People today can afford to travel as it has become more convenient. The last half century has seen wages in both developed and developing companies climb with the concomitant expansion of the global middle class. Workers have the disposable income to travel that they lacked in the past. This has been complemented with safer airplanes, so individuals are not afraid to fly. Airfares have also become cheaper as companies like Boeing produce more efficient planes, competition intensifies between competing airlines, and the supply more than meets demand for flights. These factors combined have spawned a golden age of international travel.

Looking at the opportunity in perspective, it is hard to see the advent of international travel as anything less than one of mankind’s greatest achievements. For the entirety of human history, most people lived and died near to where they were born. Anyone who wanted to travel to another country had to possess enormous wealth, time, and courage. Today, the average employee can save up and travel to see the wonders of the Renaissance in Southern Europe, the vast monuments to history and modernity in China, or explore any other corner of Earth that has piqued their interest. This is an unprecedented opportunity unavailable to past generations.

In conclusion, international travel is a byproduct of the modern age, and we should all be grateful for its possibility. There are clear environmental drawbacks but those should not blind people to its benefits taken as a whole.

Sample 3:

In recent years, there has been a surge in the number of individuals traveling to foreign countries. This trend is fueled by various reasons, all of which contribute to a wide range of positive developments. In this essay, I will explore why numerous people choose to explore novel locations and argue that this trend has an overall positive impact on individuals and society.

One of the primary factors driving the escalating number of international travelers is globalization. As the world becomes more interconnected, people grow increasingly interested in different cultures, traditions, and ways of life. Consequently, traveling to other nations assists them in cultivating cross-cultural comprehension and insights. Moreover, this trend offers significant educational advantages as learners can pursue academic knowledge in developed countries with high-quality educational systems. This allows them not only to acquire academic knowledge but also to gain valuable skills such as problem-solving and effective communication. For instance, students studying abroad will be well-prepared with essential competencies for a lucrative career.

I firmly believe that the growth of international tourism positively impacts the domestic economy of host countries. The influx of foreign tourists and their spending on local services provide a lucrative stream of revenue that can significantly improve the lives of people in these nations. Additionally, tourists benefit from cultural exchanges and eye-opening experiences during their visits. Furthermore, the profits generated from these activities can be utilized by local governments to upgrade infrastructure such as accommodations or roads. For example, Ha Giang province allocates 35% of its tourism revenue annually to construct new buildings and maintain local heritages.

In conclusion, the rise in the number of international visitors can be attributed to globalization and the pursuit of educational opportunities. In my opinion, this trend will continue to yield positive outcomes for individuals and societies by fostering cross-cultural understanding and contributing to economic growth.

Sample 4:

In recent years, there has been a significant surge in the number of people traveling abroad for leisure and various other purposes. This essay will explore the factors driving this growing trend and propose that the benefits of international tourism outweigh its potential drawbacks.

Overseas destinations have become increasingly popular vacation spots in recent years, primarily due to two factors. The first is the reduction in travel costs and increased accessibility, making international trips more affordable and convenient for a larger population than ever before. The emergence of budget airlines and early booking discounts have made airfare more affordable, enabling vacationers to plan ahead and save money. The second driving factor is the explosive growth of social media, which has broadened people's access to information about diverse cultures and remote locations, inspiring them to seek new experiences. Tourist review videos can easily go viral on popular platforms such as TikTok and YouTube, motivating millions of viewers to step beyond their comfort zones and consider embarking on their own enlightening adventures.

This trend of increased international tourism is positive for several compelling reasons. Firstly, overseas tourism can significantly impact the economy of host countries. Holidaymakers typically spend money on a range of goods and services, such as accommodation, food, transportation, and souvenirs, which can stimulate job creation and economic growth. This, in turn, can lead to improved infrastructure and enhanced living standards for the local population. Secondly, travelling globally promotes cultural exchange and understanding among people from diverse geographical backgrounds. By visiting foreign countries, visitors can learn about new cultures, customs, and traditions, broadening their perspectives and fostering mutual respect. This cultural exchange can help dismantle stereotypes and prejudices, leading to a more tolerant and inclusive global society.

In conclusion, the trend of global travel, driven by affordable travel costs, increased accessibility, and the growth of social media, is a predominantly positive development, offering numerous benefits for both tourists and host countries.

Sample 5:

More people today find themselves interested in travelling to foreign nations. I believe that this phenomenon is a result of increased access to information on social media, and yet is fundamentally adverse to the local cultures that experience mass tourism.

Firstly, I believe that social media has allowed people to catch a glimpse of foreign locales, which in turn entices them to visit destinations that they otherwise would not have before. When people see travel adverts through online platforms, they are compelled to explore it themselves and showcase their experience on social media. This is why many people on the internet today have been able to create a career out of travelling and posting pictures on the internet alone: there is a huge market for the advertisements of travel destinations on apps such as Instagram and Facebook today.

However, increased travel to tourist destinations has inadvertently internationalized them over time as governments and urban planners aim to make the stay of rich foreign tourists more comfortable and luxurious. Gradually, little by little of what makes the place special is replaced by a generic, commercialized shell. This creates a situation in places such as Angkor Wat in Cambodia, where the serenity of the temples is destroyed by the overwhelming number of tourists.

Overall, I believe that the rise of the internet and social media in particular has contributed to the proliferation of global travel. Nevertheless, tourism has thrived at the expense of the destinations' local cultures. On the whole, I therefore argue that this development has been an unwanted one for most local populations. 

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