Line Europeans who arrived in the Americas, the first American Indians were immigrants. Because Indians were nomadic hunters and gatherers, they probably arrived in search of new hunting grounds from Asia when they crossed the ice-covered Bering Strait to Alaska. Anthropologists estimate that the entire Indian population north of Mexico was slightly greater than 1,020,000 when the first settlers arrived from Europe. Although Native Americans belonged to one geographic race, their cultures and languages were only marginally similar, and by and large, they had different ways of life. Nomadic migrations required Indians to construct shelters that did not need to be transported, but could be easily erected from the materials found in their new location.

 Eastern Woodland Indian tribes lived in bark-covered wigwams that were shaped like cones or domes. The frame for the hut was made of young trees firmly driven into the ground, and then bent overhead to tie together with bark fibers or strings of animal hides. Sheets and slabs of bark were attached to the frame to construct the roof and walls, leaving an opening to serve as a door and to allow smoke to escape. The Iroquois in north eastern regions built longhouses that were more spacious than wigwams because five to a dozen families lived under one roof. During the winter, they plastered clay to the poles of the frame to protect the inhabitants from wind and rain.

 Pueblo Indians who lived in the southwest portion of the United States in northern Arizona and New Mexico constructed elaborate housing with several stories and many rooms. Each family unit had only one room, and their ancestors dug shelters in the walls of cliffs and canyons. The ground story of a Pueblo dwelling had no doors or windows in order to prevent enemies from entering. The next level was set back the width of one room, and the row of rooms above it was set back once again, giving their houses the appearance of a terrace Pueblos used ladders to climb to the upper levels and pulled them in when all family members returned for the night.

 Indians living in deserts used sandstone and clay as construction materials. Those who lived in the valleys of rivers even made bricks of clay with wood chips to add strength and to prevent the clay from cracking. To make roofs, Pueblos tied logs together to make rafters and laid them across the two outside walls. On top of the rafters, layers of tree branches, sticks, grass, and brush created a solid roof to preclude the water from leaking inside. Pueblo dwellings were dark because windows were often not large enough to allow much light.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

B

Từ “ marginally” [chỉ ở mức có hạn] gần nghĩa nhất với

Markedly: rõ ràng/ đáng kể

Minimally: tối thiểu

Temporarily: tạm thời

Tentatively: tạm thời

=>marginally = Minimally

Dẫn chứng: Although Native Americans belonged to one geographic race, their cultures and languages were only marginally similar, and by and large, they had different ways of life.

=>Chọn B

A

Từ “ by and large” [hầu như/ gần như ] gần nghĩa nhất với

Mostly: hầu như

Conversely: ngược lại

Occasionally: thông thường

Notably: đáng chú ý

Dẫn chứng:Although Native Americans belonged to one geographic race, their cultures and languages were only marginally similar, and by and large, they had different ways of life.

=>Chọn A

D

Tác giả cur bài đọc ngụ ý rằng người Ấn Độ

A. mang theo vật liệu xây dựng đến chỗ ở mới

B. sống ở những địa điểm, tương tự như người châu Âu

C. thích khí hậu ở Tây Nam

D. xây dựng chỗ trú ngụ mỗi khi bộ tộc dời đi

Dẫn chứng: Nomadic migrations required Indians to construct shelters that did not need to be transported, but could be easily erected from the materials found in their new location.

=>Chọn D

C

Tác giả ngụ ý răng người Đông Ấn

A. xây dựng những túp lều mà không có mái

B. trồng cây để thu hoạch

C. đốt lửa trong lều

D. dùng tấm trải và chăn như là chăn ga gối đệm

Dẫn chứng: Sheets and slabs of bark were attached to the frame to construct the roof and walls, leaving an opening to serve as a door and to allow smoke to escape.

=>Chọn C

D

Cụm từ “ under one roof” [chung một mái nhà] gần nghĩa nhất với

A. ở những khu vực bị tách biệt

B. ở một số chỗ ẩn nấp

C. một cách thoải mái

D. cùng nhau

Dẫn chứng: The Iroquois in north eastern regions built longhouses that were more spacious than wigwams because five to a dozen families lived under one roof.

=>Chọn D

A

Sự khác nhau chủ yếu giữa chỗ cư trú của người Ấn Độ Pueblo và Woodlan là gì?

A. Người Pueblo sốn trong những ngôi nhà kiên cố, nhưng người Woodland sống trong những chỗ trú ngụ tạm thời.

B. Người Pueblo dùng gỗ để xây dựng, nhưng người Woodland chủ yếu dựa vào da động vật.

C. Người Woodland sống ở đồng bằng, nhưng người Pueblo sống trong những khe núi.

D. Người Woodland xây dựng những chỗ ẩn nấp nhỏ, nhưng người Pueblo có những căn phòng rộng lớn.

Dẫn chứng: Eastern Woodland Indian tribes lived in bark-covered wigwams that were shaped like cones or domes.

Pueblo Indians who lived in the southwest portion of the United States in northern Arizona and New Mexico constructed elaborate housing with several stories and many rooms.

=>Chọn A

B

Có thể suy ra từ bài đọc rằng chỗ cư trú của người Pueblo được thiết kế để bảo vệ cư dân từ

A. những đợt tấn công của kẻ thù và mùa đông lạnh lẽo

B. những đợt tấn công của kẻ thù và chống lại nước mưa

C. bão gió và nước từ mưa

D. động vật hoang dã, mùa đông lạnh lẽo và cát sa mạc.

Dẫn chứng: The ground story of a Pueblo dwelling had no doors or windows in order to prevent enemies from entering.

On top of the rafters, layers of tree branches, sticks, grass, and brush created a solid roof to preclude the water from leaking inside.