Câu hỏi:
17/03/2020 1,792Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials. It can be colored or colorless, monochrome or polychrome, transparent, translucent, or opaque. It is lightweight impermeable to liquids, readily cleaned and reused, durable yet fragile, and often very beautiful. Glass can be decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are exceptional. In all its myriad forms - as table ware, containers, in architecture and design - glass represents a major achievement in the history of technological developments.
Since the Bronze Age about 3, 000 B.C., glass has been used for making various kinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica, line and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century. When heated, the mixture becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid. In effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarilyassociated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow. Why glass deteriorates over time, especially when exposed to moisture, and why glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture to release internal stresses induced by uneven cooling.
Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow or freeze at specific temperatures glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like thick syrup. Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point. Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials.
What must be done to release the internal stresses that build up in glass products during manufacture?
Sách mới 2k7: 30 đề đánh giá năng lực DHQG Hà Nội, Tp. Hồ Chí Minh, BKHN 2025 mới nhất (600 trang - chỉ từ 160k).
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Trả lời:
Đáp án A.
Keywords: release internal stresses.
Clue: “... glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture to release internal stresses induced by uneven cooling”: ... đồ thủy tinh phảỉ được đun lại từ từ và được làm nguội đồng bộ sau khi sản xuất để giải thoát áp lực bên trong gây ra bởi làm nguội không đồng đều.
Phân tích: Quá trình được mô tả trong manh mối trùng với quá trình trong đáp án A. The glass must be reheated and evenly cooled: Thủy tinh phải được làm nóng lại và làm lạnh đồng đều.
Các đáp án khác không phù hợp:
A. The glass must be cooled quickly: Thủy tinh phải được làm lạnh nhanh chóng.
C. The glass must be kept moist until cooled: Thủy tinh phải được giữ ẩm cho đến khi nguội.
D. The glass must be shaped to its desired form immediately: Thủy tinh phải được tạo hình theo thiết kể của nó ngay lập tức.
Đã bán 152
Đã bán 114
Đã bán 132
Đã bán 47
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