Tính các giới hạn sau:

a) \[\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \left( {1 + n - {n^2}} \right)\];  b) \[\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sqrt {{x^2} + 4} - 2}}{x}.\]

a) Ta có: \[1 + n - {n^2} = {n^2}\left( {\frac{1}{{{n^2}}} + \frac{1}{n} - 1} \right).\]

Ta có: $\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } {n^2} = + \infty ;$ $\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \left( {\frac{1}{{{n^2}}} + \frac{1}{n} - 1} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \frac{1}{{{n^2}}} + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \frac{1}{n} - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } 1 = 0 + 0 - 1 = - 1 < 0.$

$ \Rightarrow \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \left( {1 + n - {n^2}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \left[ {{n^2}\left( {\frac{1}{{{n^2}}} + \frac{1}{n} - 1} \right)} \right] = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } {n^2}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \left( {\frac{1}{{{n^2}}} + \frac{1}{n} - 1} \right) = - \infty .$

b) \[\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sqrt {{x^2} + 4} - 2}}{x} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\left( {\sqrt {{x^2} + 4} - 2} \right).\left( {\sqrt {{x^2} + 4} + 2} \right)}}{{x\left( {\sqrt {{x^2} + 4} + 2} \right)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{x^2} + 4 - 4}}{{x\left( {\sqrt {{x^2} + 4} + 2} \right)}}\]

$ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{x^2}}}{{x\left( {\sqrt {{x^2} + 4} + 2} \right)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x}{{\sqrt {{x^2} + 4} + 2}} = \frac{0}{{\sqrt {0 + 4} + 2}} = 0.$