Viết được cơ chế một số phản ứng thế như: S_R của alkane; S_EAr của arene và S_N1, S_N2 của dẫn xuất halogen.

* Phản ứng thuỷ phân 2 – chloro – 2 – methylpropane trong dung dịch NaOH:

- Phương trình hoá học:

${\left(C{H}_3\right)}_{3}C-Cl+NaOH\stackrel{t^o}{\to }{\left(C{H}_3\right)}_{3}C-OH+NaCl$

- Cơ chế của phản ứng: 2 – chloro – 2 – methylpropane là dẫn xuất halogen bậc ba, do đó phản ứng thuỷ phân chủ yếu diễn ra theo cơ chế S_N1.

\(NaOH \to N{a^ + } + {}^ - OH\)

- Giai đoạn phát triển mạch phản ứng:

\(C{H_3} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - H + B{r^ \bullet } \to C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} + HBr\)

\(C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} + Br - Br \to C{H_3} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - Br + B{r^ \bullet }\)

\[\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3} + B{r^ \bullet } \to C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} + HBr\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,H\end{array}\]

\(\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} + Br - Br \to C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3} + B{r^ \bullet }\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,Br\end{array}\)

…..

- Giai đoạn tắt mạch phản ứng:

\(B{r^ \bullet } + {}^ \bullet Br \to Br - Br\)

\(C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} + B{r^ \bullet } \to C{H_3} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - Br\)

\(\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} + B{r^ \bullet } \to C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3}\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,Br\end{array}\)

\(C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} + \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} - C{H_2} - C{H_3} \to C{H_3} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - C{H_3}\)

\[\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet {H_2} + C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} \to C{H_3} - C{H_2} - C{H_2} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3}\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,C{H_3}\end{array}\]

\(\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} + C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits^ \bullet H - C{H_3} \to C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3}\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,C{H_3}\,\,\,\,\,C{H_3}\end{array}\)

* Dự đoán sản phẩm chính:

\[\begin{array}{l}C{H_3} - \mathop C\limits_{\left| {} \right.} H - C{H_3}\\\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,Br\\2{\rm{ }}--{\rm{ }}bromopropane\end{array}\]

Do trong phản ứng thế gốc vào nguyên tử carbon no của alkane, nguyên tử hydrogen liên kết với nguyên tử carbon bậc cao hơn sẽ dễ bị thế hơn do tạo gốc tự do bền hơn.