Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Question 1. According to paragraph 1, algorithmic systems are considered as important as automation in shaping the future workforce because ________.

A. they can perform a wide range of tasks in all sectors with increasing levels of accuracy and consistency.

B. they mainly affect manual labour rather than knowledge-based occupations.

C. they reduce the need for workers to adapt their skills in response to technological change.

D. they are integrated into digital systems and can perform tasks that previously required human judgement.

Question 2. Which of the following is NOT stated as an example of tasks that algorithmic systems can perform in the knowledge economy?

A. clarifying sophisticated statistics

B. conducting face-to-face negotiations

C. examining written materials

D. formulating strategic recommendations

Question 3. The phrase “such systems” in paragraph 2, refers to ________.

A. traditional training methods based on observation and experience.

B. decision-making processes based on human judgement.

C. communication tools used by workers in organisations.

D. algorithmic systems used in digital environments to support work tasks.

Question 4. What happens when performance figures are deliberately adjusted to meet evaluation standards?

A. It improves data accuracy and strengthens overall trust within algorithm-based management systems.

B. It standardises evaluation procedures and ensures consistency within algorithm-based management systems.

C. It supports managerial decisions and enhances efficiency within algorithm-based management systems.

D. It exposes hidden consequences and raises ethical concerns within algorithm-based management systems.

Question 5. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A. While organisations adopt algorithmic systems to enhance performance, they continue to rely on traditional training methods to ensure workers gain necessary expertise.

B. Algorithmic systems mainly benefit organisations by lowering costs and improving decision-making while having only a limited impact on how workers develop their skills.

C. While algorithmic systems improve efficiency and reduce costs, they also challenge traditional skill development and require new approaches to professional training.

D. As algorithmic systems replace routine tasks, workers no longer need traditional forms of training and can rely on technology to develop advanced skills.