Câu hỏi:
11/09/2023 1,527
(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it was now possible to make cast-iron beams, columns, and girders. During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.
(2) Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.
(3) Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types spawned by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
(1) Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it was now possible to make cast-iron beams, columns, and girders. During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.
(2) Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.
(3) Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types spawned by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
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Giải bởi Vietjack
Đáp án D
The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800’s.
Đoạn văn chủ yếu thảo luận về cái gì? – Sự phát triển và việc sử dụng sắt trong kiến trúc suốt những năm 1800.
Thông tin nằm ở câu chủ đề đầu đoạn 1: “Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore.”
Câu hỏi cùng đoạn
Câu 2:
According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because _____.
According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because _____.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án D
the use of charcoal for refining ore produced poor quality iron
Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 1: “…instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture…”
Theo đoạn văn, sắt đã không được sử dụng cho xà, cột và dầm trước khi đến đầu thế kỷ 18 bởi việc sử dụng than củi để luyện quặng tạo ra sắt chất lượng kém.
Câu 3:
Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered _____.
Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered _____.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án C
much stronger
Thông tin nằm ở câu đầu đoạn 2: “Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber,…
Câu 4:
The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to_____.
The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to_____.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án B
internal iron skeleton
Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 2: “By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed.”
=> it = internal iron skeleton
Câu 5:
The word “surpassed” is closest in meaning to _____.
The word “surpassed” is closest in meaning to _____.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án B
exceeded
- surpass: trội hơn, vượt hơn = exceed
Câu 6:
According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle Des Machines was its _____.
According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle Des Machines was its _____.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án A
wide span
Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 3: “The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high.”
Câu 7:
How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition?
How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition?
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án B
They ridiculed them.
Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 3: “…these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris…” (mock = ridicule)
– Tầng lớp nghệ sĩ được đề cập trong đoạn văn đã phản ứng như thế nào đối với kiến trúc xây dựng tại triển lãm Paris. Họ đã chế giếu chúng…
Câu 8:
It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in traditional styles of architecture is best explained by the _____.
It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in traditional styles of architecture is best explained by the _____.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án D
general perception that iron structures were not aesthetically pleasing
Thông tin nằm ở đoạn 3: “Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status.”
Có thể suy ra việc sử dụng những kết cấu bằng sắt trong kiểu kiến trúc truyền thống được giải thích tốt nhất bởi… Sự nhận thức chung rằng các kết cấu bằng sắt không làm hài lòng về mặt thẩm mỹ.
Nhà sách VIETJACK:
CÂU HỎI HOT CÙNG CHỦ ĐỀ
Câu 2:
With which of the following topics is the passage primarily concerned?
With which of the following topics is the passage primarily concerned?
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