All major works on semantic theory have so far been based on referential concepts of meaning. The best known referential model of meaning is .................................

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning. Many words, especially those denoting concrete objects (chair, tree, tiger) have no antonyms. Usually adjectives denoting qualities, verbs ............................. actions or state and abstract nouns have antonyms

...................................................., some prefixes express the difference between a transitive and an intransitive verb: stay v and outstay (smb) v t. With a few exceptions prefixes modify the stem for time (pre-, post-), place (in-, ad-), negation (un-, dis-) and remain semantically rather independent of the stem

.......................................... exist in language and are reproduced in speech as ready-made units, whereas free word groups or combinations are created in speech every time we need them.

A morpheme is also an association of a given meaning with.................. But unlike a word it is not autonomous. Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme