Read the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer
Before photography was invented in 1839, painted portraits, and engravings based on them, were one of the few ways to record likenesses. From the Colonial era through the 1820s, portraiture was the most widely practiced genre of American art, and it continued to be a significant form through the 19th century. The demand for likenesses was incessant, and portraiture was often the primary source of income for artists. Artists frequently made portraits of famous people to attract interest and potential patrons. For example, in 1834 Chester Harding painted frontiersman Davy Crockett, then a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, for display in his Boston gallery.
A consistent belief through most of the 18th and 19th centuries was that character could be read from a person's face, or the bumps on his or her head, or from facial expressions, and that portraits should convey these indicators of character. These theories of physiognomy and phrenology have since been debunked, but they were important considerations in depicting the nation's leaders, since such portraits were often made for posterity. Most people had only one portrait painted in their lifetime, if at all, so artists were selected with great care, and expectations were high.
Before the 1840s, American portraiture was influenced primarily by English techniques, poses, compositions and gestures, and many artists received at least part of their training in England. Even canvas sizes followed the British example. Portraits made on commission were priced according to canvas size and the materials and labor involved.
In the late 19th century as European portraitists began traveling to the United States to acquire commissions from the growing upper class, American artists increasingly felt they needed to train abroad in order to succeed at home. Paris continued to be the main lure. as painters such as Eakins, Whistler, Beaux and Sargent went to study there. Some of America's best-known portraitists, in fact, became expatriates.
Physiognomy and phrenology are theories________
A. that are no longer as popular
B. that were used to enable people to select artists with the best characteristics in their appearance
C. that meant people usually only needed one portrait
D. that were used to try to get the closet likeness possible
Quảng cáo
Trả lời:

Đáp án là A. Ý trong bài: These theories of physiognomy and phrenology have since been debunked, but they were important considerations in depicting the nation's leaders, since such portraits were often made for posterity.
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CÂU HỎI HOT CÙNG CHỦ ĐỀ
Câu 1
A. around
B. along
C. across
D. about
Lời giải
Đáp án là C. Cấu trúc: get across (to somebody) | get something across (to somebody) ^ được hiểu (bởi ai đó); truyền đạt được (đến ai đó).
Câu 2
A. both of which
B. both of them
C. all of which
D. all of them
Lời giải
“two books and a couple of articles” nhiều hơn 2 nên A và B loại.
C cũng loại, vì liên từ “and” => Đáp án là D.
Câu 3
A. The runners can't finish the race as a result of their exhaustion.
B. The runners are so exhausted that they can't finish the race.
C. The runners were not exhausted enough to finish the race.
D. So exhausted were the runners that none of them finished the race.
Lời giải
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Câu 4
A. wear off
B. fade out
C. drop away
D. fall through
Lời giải
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Câu 5
A. The instructions the teacher gave are not understanding to me
B. It was the instructions the teacher gave that confused me
C. It hasn’t been clear to me about the instructions given
D. I’m finding it difficult to figure out what the teacher required according to his instructions
Lời giải
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Câu 6
A. his mistakes being laughed at
B. laughing his mistakes at
C. his mistakes laughing at
D. his mistakes at laughing
Lời giải
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Câu 7
A. Plants are known to need the same vitamins for growth and development as do animals.
B. In order to grow and develop, plants are known to need the vitamins that are produced by animals.
C. Animals need vitamins to grow and develop like plants need them for growth and development.
D. What we know is that both animals and plants can produced vitamins for growth and development.
Lời giải
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