Câu hỏi:

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks.

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (31)__________as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

(32)__________of the common belief that leaders are people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have (33)__________common;rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are (34)__________two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership (35)__________ emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s members.

In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (31)__________as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection.