Cho \[a + b + c = 0,\] hãy tính giá trị của biểu thức:

\(C = \left( {\frac{{a - b}}{c} + \frac{{b - c}}{a} + \frac{{c - a}}{b}} \right)\left( {\frac{c}{{a - b}} + \frac{a}{{b - c}} + \frac{b}{{c - a}}} \right).\)

Hướng dẫn giải

Điều kiện \(a,\,\,b,\,\,c \ne 0.\)

Với \[a + b + c = 0,\] ta có \(a + b = - c;\,\,b + c = - a;\,\,c + a = - b.\)

Ta có \(C = \left( {\frac{{a - b}}{c} + \frac{{b - c}}{a} + \frac{{c - a}}{b}} \right)\left( {\frac{c}{{a - b}} + \frac{a}{{b - c}} + \frac{b}{{c - a}}} \right)\)

\( = \underbrace {\left( {\frac{{a - b}}{c} + \frac{{b - c}}{a} + \frac{{c - a}}{b}} \right) \cdot \frac{c}{{a - b}}}_M + \underbrace {\left( {\frac{{a - b}}{c} + \frac{{b - c}}{a} + \frac{{c - a}}{b}} \right) \cdot \frac{a}{{b - c}}}_N + \underbrace {\left( {\frac{{a - b}}{c} + \frac{{b - c}}{a} + \frac{{c - a}}{b}} \right) \cdot \frac{b}{{c - a}}}_P\)

Xét \(M = \left( {\frac{{a - b}}{c} + \frac{{b - c}}{a} + \frac{{c - a}}{b}} \right) \cdot \frac{c}{{a - b}}\)

\( = 1 + \frac{c}{{a - b}} \cdot \left( {\frac{{b - c}}{a} + \frac{{c - a}}{b}} \right)\)\( = 1 + \frac{c}{{a - b}} \cdot \frac{{{b^2} - bc + ac - {a^2}}}{{ab}}\)

\( = 1 + \frac{c}{{a - b}} \cdot \frac{{\left( {b - a} \right)\left( {b + a} \right) - c\left( {b - a} \right)}}{{ab}}\)\( = 1 + \frac{c}{{a - b}} \cdot \frac{{\left( {b - a} \right)\left( {b + a - c} \right)}}{{ab}}\)

\[ = 1 + \frac{c}{{a - b}} \cdot \frac{{ - \left( {a - b} \right)\left( { - c - c} \right)}}{{ab}}\]\[ = 1 + \frac{{c \cdot 2c}}{{ab}} = 1 + \frac{{2{c^3}}}{{abc}}.\]

Tương tự, \(N = 1 + \frac{{2{a^3}}}{{abc}};\,\,P = 1 + \frac{{2{b^3}}}{{abc}}.\)

Khi đó \(C = M + N + P = 1 + \frac{{2{c^3}}}{{abc}} + 1 + \frac{{2{a^3}}}{{abc}} + 1 + \frac{{2{b^3}}}{{abc}} = 3 + \frac{{2\left( {{a^3} + {b^3} + {c^3}} \right)}}{{abc}}.\)

Mặt khác, do \[a + b + c = 0\] nên ta có \[{\left( {a + b + c} \right)^3} = 0\]

Suy ra \[{\left( {a + b} \right)^3} + {c^3} + 3\left( {a + b} \right)c\left( {a + b + c} \right) = 0\]

\[{a^3} + {b^3} + 3ab\left( {a + b} \right) + {c^3} + 3\left( {a + b} \right)c\left( {a + b + c} \right) = 0\]

\[{a^3} + {b^3} + {c^3} + 3\left( {a + b} \right)\left( {ab + ac + bc + {c^2}} \right) = 0\]

\[{a^3} + {b^3} + {c^3} + 3\left( {a + b} \right)\left[ {a\left( {b + c} \right) + c\left( {b + c} \right)} \right] = 0\]

\[{a^3} + {b^3} + {c^3} + 3\left( {a + b} \right)\left( {b + c} \right)\left( {a + c} \right) = 0\]

\[{a^3} + {b^3} + {c^3} + 3\left( { - c} \right)\left( { - a} \right)\left( { - b} \right) = 0\]

\[{a^3} + {b^3} + {c^3} - 3abc = 0\]

\[{a^3} + {b^3} + {c^3} = 3abc.\]

Vậy \(C = 3 + \frac{{2 \cdot \left( {3abc} \right)}}{{abc}} = 3 + 6 = 9.\)