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Aristotle believed that everything in the universe were composed of four basic elements: earth, water, air, and fire

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What ________ at 9 o'clock last night? I phoned you but couldn't get through to you

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Language is so ________ woven into human experience that it is scarcely possible to imagine life without it

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We understand that Ben wants to train to be a pilot

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He is a rich man. However, he leads a simple life

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     Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny details; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world. 

     The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940's because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940's, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available sources of soft X-rays. 

          The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light- and electron-based instruments

Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph?

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     Apples are one of the healthiest foods you can eat every day. A traditional American proverb states: "An apple a day keeps the doctor away". But it does not specifically say anything about the best time of day to eat apples. It is generally believed that eating an apple in the morning is good for people, but eating an apple in the evening is like eating poison. 

     There is actually a scientific reason behind this belief. One benefit of apples is that they are a favorable source of fructose, which is a natural form of sugar that gives you a big boost of energy. The energy you get from an apple is longer lasting than that provided by a cup of coffee. Clearly, this is something most people would rather experience in the morning than right before bedtime. 

     Apples also contain high levels of pectin, a kind of dietary fiber. Fiber stimulates bowel movements, which help maintain the health of your digestive system. But if you eat an apple shortly before going to bed, this can cause problems. While you are asleep, your bowels can fill up with gas, making you feel bloated and uncomfortable. You may also wake up several times to use the bathroom, which will prevent you from getting a good night's sleep. 

          Other health benefits of apples come from flavonoids, beta carotene, and B vitamins. Flavonoids are the material that gives flowers and fruits their bright colors, such as the deep red of apples. When eaten, flavonoids can decrease your risk of heart disease, diabetes, and other illnesses. Meanwhile, beta carotene helps prevent cancer, and B vitamins provide the body with a wide variety of important benefits. Apparently, starting your day with an apple really can keep the doctor away

The word "that" in paragraph 2 refers to ________ 

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Meteorologists use special________ to measure changes in the weather.