Cho các số thực a, b không đồng thời bằng 0. Chứng minh rằng:

\[\frac{{2ab}}{{{a^2} + 4{b^2}}} + \frac{{{b^2}}}{{3{a^2} + 2{b^2}}} \le \frac{3}{5}\].

Hướng dẫn giải

Xét hiệu \[\frac{3}{5}\] − \[\frac{{2ab}}{{{a^2} + 4{b^2}}} - \frac{{{b^2}}}{{3{a^2} + 2{b^2}}}\]

= \[\frac{2}{5}\] − \[\frac{{2ab}}{{{a^2} + 4{b^2}}}\] + \[\frac{1}{5}\] − \[\frac{{{b^2}}}{{3{a^2} + 2{b^2}}}\]

= \[\frac{{2{a^2} - 10ab + 8{b^2}}}{{5\left( {{a^2} + 4{b^2}} \right)}}\] + \[\frac{{3{a^2} + 2{b^2} - 5{b^2}}}{{5\left( {3{a^2} + 2{b^2}} \right)}}\]

= \[\frac{{2\left( {a - b} \right)\left( {a - 4b} \right)}}{{5\left( {{a^2} + 4{b^2}} \right)}}\]+ \[\frac{{3\left( {a - b} \right)\left( {a + b} \right)}}{{5\left( {3{a^2} + 2{b^2}} \right)}}\]

= \[\frac{{2\left( {a - b} \right)\left( {a - 4b} \right)\left( {3{a^2} + 2{b^2}} \right) + 3\left( {a - b} \right)\left( {a + b} \right)\left( {{a^2} + 4{b^2}} \right)}}{{5\left( {{a^2} + 4{b^2}} \right)\left( {3{a^2} + 2{b^2}} \right)}}\]

= \[\frac{{\left( {a - b} \right)\left[ {2\left( {a - 4b} \right)\left( {3{a^2} + 2{b^2}} \right) + 3\left( {a + b} \right)\left( {{a^2} + 4{b^2}} \right)} \right]}}{{5\left( {{a^2} + 4{b^2}} \right)\left( {3{a^2} + 2{b^2}} \right)}}\]

= \[\frac{{\left( {a - b} \right)\left[ {2\left( {a - 4b} \right)\left( {3{a^2} + 2{b^2}} \right) + 3\left( {a + b} \right)\left( {{a^2} + 4{b^2}} \right)} \right]}}{{5\left( {{a^2} + 4{b^2}} \right)\left( {3{a^2} + 2{b^2}} \right)}}\]

= \[\frac{{\left( {a - b} \right)\left[ {9{a^3} - 21{a^2}b + 16a{b^2} - 4{b^3}} \right]}}{{5\left( {{a^2} + 4{b^2}} \right)\left( {3{a^2} + 2{b^2}} \right)}}\]

= \[\frac{{{{\left( {a - b} \right)}^2}{{\left( {3a - 2b} \right)}^2}}}{{5\left( {{a^2} + 4{b^2}} \right)\left( {3{a^2} + 2{b^2}} \right)}}\] ≥ 0.

Do đó \[\frac{3}{5}\] − \[\frac{{2ab}}{{{a^2} + 4{b^2}}} - \frac{{{b^2}}}{{3{a^2} + 2{b^2}}}\] ≥ 0.

Dấu “=” xảy ra khi a = b hoặc 3a = 2b.

Vậy \[\frac{{2ab}}{{{a^2} + 4{b^2}}} + \frac{{{b^2}}}{{3{a^2} + 2{b^2}}} \le \frac{3}{5}\] (đpcm).