Tính các giới hạn sau:

a) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 7} \frac{{\sqrt {x + 2} - 3}}{{x - 7}}\);

b) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^3} - 1}}{{{x^2} - 1}}\);

c) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{2 - x}}{{{{\left( {1 - x} \right)}^2}}}\);

d) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{x + 2}}{{\sqrt {4{x^2} + 1} }}\).

Lời giải:

a) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 7} \frac{{\sqrt {x + 2} - 3}}{{x - 7}}\)\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 7} \frac{{{{\left( {\sqrt {x + 2} } \right)}^2} - {3^2}}}{{\left( {x - 7} \right)\left( {\sqrt {x + 2} + 3} \right)}}\)

\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 7} \frac{{x - 7}}{{\left( {x - 7} \right)\left( {\sqrt {x + 2} + 3} \right)}}\)\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 7} \frac{1}{{\sqrt {x + 2} + 3}}\)\( = \frac{1}{{\sqrt {7 + 2} + 3}} = \frac{1}{6}\).

b) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^3} - 1}}{{{x^2} - 1}}\)\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{\left( {x - 1} \right)\left( {{x^2} + x + 1} \right)}}{{\left( {x - 1} \right)\left( {x + 1} \right)}}\)\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} + x + 1}}{{x + 1}} = \frac{{{1^2} + 1 + 1}}{{1 + 1}} = \frac{3}{2}\).

c) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{2 - x}}{{{{\left( {1 - x} \right)}^2}}}\)

Ta có: \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \left( {2 - x} \right) = 2 - 1 = 1 > 0\);

\(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} {\left( {1 - x} \right)^2} = 0\) và (1 – x)² > 0 với mọi x ≠ 1.

Do vậy, \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{2 - x}}{{{{\left( {1 - x} \right)}^2}}} = + \infty \).

d) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{x + 2}}{{\sqrt {4{x^2} + 1} }}\)\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{x + 2}}{{\sqrt {{x^2}\left( {4 + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}} \right)} }}\)

\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{x\left( {1 + \frac{2}{x}} \right)}}{{ - x\sqrt {4 + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}} }}\)\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{ - \left( {1 + \frac{2}{x}} \right)}}{{\sqrt {4 + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}} }}\)\( = - \frac{1}{2}\).