Câu hỏi:
16/11/2023 810
Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: “Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight.” More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.
Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative. Precast concrete, for instance, has not rendered brick obsolete. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated and are often computer directed, this complex apparatus rests on preindustrial traditions inherited from millennia during which most structures were lived in by the people who erected them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones – to exclude enemies, to circumvent gravity, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.
The availability of suitable materials fostered the crafts to exploit them and influenced the shapes of buildings. Large areas of the world were once forested, and their inhabitants developed carpentry. Although it has become relatively scarce, timber remains an important building material.
Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure. Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.
Some regions lack both timber and stone; their peoples used the earth itself, tamping certain mixtures into walls or forming them into bricks to be dried in the sun. Later they baked these substances in kilns, producing a range of bricks and tiles with greater durability.
(Extracted from Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Encyclopedia – DVD Version)
According to the passage, the term “architecture” is normally used to refer to the designs and structures that have ______.
Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: “Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight.” More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.
Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative. Precast concrete, for instance, has not rendered brick obsolete. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated and are often computer directed, this complex apparatus rests on preindustrial traditions inherited from millennia during which most structures were lived in by the people who erected them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones – to exclude enemies, to circumvent gravity, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.
The availability of suitable materials fostered the crafts to exploit them and influenced the shapes of buildings. Large areas of the world were once forested, and their inhabitants developed carpentry. Although it has become relatively scarce, timber remains an important building material.
Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure. Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.
Some regions lack both timber and stone; their peoples used the earth itself, tamping certain mixtures into walls or forming them into bricks to be dried in the sun. Later they baked these substances in kilns, producing a range of bricks and tiles with greater durability.
(Extracted from Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Encyclopedia – DVD Version)
According to the passage, the term “architecture” is normally used to refer to the designs and structures that have ______.
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Giải bởi Vietjack
Đáp án D
Theo bài đọc, thuật ngữ “ architecture” thường được sử dụng để ám chỉ đến những thiết và cấu trúc cái mà có
A. tầm quan trọng về tôn giáo C. tầm quan trọng về kỹ thuật
B. tầm quan trọng xã hội D. tầm quan trọng về văn hóa
Dẫn chứng: Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant.
Câu hỏi cùng đoạn
Câu 2:
Which of the following is NOT considered an essential characteristic of architecture according to the passage?
Which of the following is NOT considered an essential characteristic of architecture according to the passage?
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án C
Yếu tố nào sau đây không được xem như là một đặc trưng quan trọng của kiến trúc theo bài đọc?
A. kiên cố C. kinh tế
B. có ích D. vẻ đẹp
Dẫn chứng: More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them.
Câu 3:
When well-constructed buildings exist longer than their original use, they serve as ______.
When well-constructed buildings exist longer than their original use, they serve as ______.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án D
Khi các công trình được xây dựng tốt tồn tại lâu hơn mục đích sử dụng ban đầu của nó, chúng đóng vai trò như là
A.những công trình dành cho các anh hùng thời cổ đại
B. các viện bảo tàng và triển lãm
C. chứng nhân của các cuộc chiến tranh lớn thời cổ đại
D. chứng nhân của những thời kỳ lịch sử của chúng
Dẫn chứng: But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them.
Câu 4:
The author uses the phrase “social art” in the first paragraph to emphasise that architecture is an ______.
The author uses the phrase “social art” in the first paragraph to emphasise that architecture is an ______.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án C
Tác giả sử dụng cụm từ “ social art” ở đoạn 1 đoạn 1 để nhấn mạnh rằng kiến trúc là một
A. nghệ thuật thuộc về một xã hội C. thành tựu của nhiều người
B. nghệ thuật rất được xã hội hóa D. thành tựu của nhiều nhà xã hội học Dẫn chứng: These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.
Câu 5:
According to the passage, knowledge about building technology ______.
According to the passage, knowledge about building technology ______.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án D
Theo bài đọc, kiến thức về công nghệ xây dựng
A. luôn bị ảnh hưởng bởi nhiều ứng dụng công nghệ đa dạng.
B. đã trải nghiệm những sự thay đổi hoàn toàn qua các thế hệ
C. được dựa trên những công nghệ hiện đại thay vì truyền thống
D. bao gồm kinh nghiệm đạt được từ thế hệ này sang thế hệ khác.
Dẫn chứng: Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative.
Câu 6:
The word “obsolete” in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.
The word “obsolete” in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án A
Từ “obsolete” ở đoạn 2 gần nghĩa nhất với
A. lỗi thời C. hỏng/ không hoạt động
B. không phù hợp D. khó kiểm soát
Câu 7:
According to the passage, stone and marble were used for buildings of historical importance because they ______.
According to the passage, stone and marble were used for buildings of historical importance because they ______.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án D
Theo bài đọc, đá và cẩm thạch được sử dụng cho các tòa nhà có tầm quan trọng về lịch sử bởi vì chúng
A.làm cho các cấu trúc trông hấp dẫn hơn C. tạo nên sự thoải mái và ấm áp cho chủ sở hữu B. dễ cháy và bền bỉ D. không dễ cháy và lâu bền
Dẫn chứng: Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure.
Câu 8:
According to the passage, today stone has been used less as a building material because ______.
According to the passage, today stone has been used less as a building material because ______.
Đáp án chính xác
Lời giải của GV VietJack
Đáp án A
Theo bài đọc, ngày nay đã ít được sử dụng làm vật liệu xây dựng bởi vì
A. có nhiều vật liệu khác thích hợp hơn cho mục đích công nghiệp.
B. kiến trúc đá quan trọng đối với một số tượng đá.
C. nó có ít ảnh hưởng đến hình dáng của các công trình và tượng
D. nó trở nên gần như khan hiếm và khó khai thác.
Dẫn chứng: Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.
Nhà sách VIETJACK:
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