In addition to reading comprehension ability, the knowledge of specialized subjects ………………………………………. and a wide cultural background, and the global vision of cross-cultural and interlingual communication.

Literal translation ………………..word to word; group to group; collocation to collocation; clause to clause; sentence to sentence. The smaller the unit, the commoner the approach, following the basic translation procedures.

Word-for-word translation transfers Source Language grammar and ………………………………., as well as the primary meanings of all the Source Language words into the translation, and is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences.

…………………………………., the theory of translation should be a branch of comparative linguistics. His approach was purely linguistic and textual.

Technical translation is a type of involving the ………………………………….. (, , etc.), or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information.

Transliteration is the process rendering the letters of one alphabet in terms of the letters of another with a different alphabetical system. In transcription, the pronunciation of ……………………………………… is transcribed in the alphabetical system of the Target Language.

Translators usually have to deal with six different problematic areas in their work, …………………………………they are translating technical documents or a sworn statement.