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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best option for each of the blanks.If you’re an ecologist, plastic is a word you tend to say with a mock or a growl. It has grow into a figure of our lavish, throw – away society. However, there seems like little uncertainly it is here to stay, and the truth is, of course, that plastic has brought massive (15) ________, even environmental ones. It’s not really the plastics themselves that are the criminal – it’s the approach humanity chooses to use and (16)____________them.Practically all the 60 or so different kinds of up-to-date plastic are made from oil, gas or coal – non-renewable natural (17)_____________. We (18)______________ well over two million tones of the material in US each year and, sooner or later, most of it is thrown away. A high (19)_________ of our annual consumption is in the form of packaging, and this (20)_________ about eight percent by weight of our domestic waste.Điền câu 16
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best option for each of the blanks.If you’re an ecologist, plastic is a word you tend to say with a mock or a growl. It has grow into a figure of our lavish, throw – away society. However, there seems like little uncertainly it is here to stay, and the truth is, of course, that plastic has brought massive (15) ________, even environmental ones. It’s not really the plastics themselves that are the criminal – it’s the approach humanity chooses to use and (16)____________them.Practically all the 60 or so different kinds of up-to-date plastic are made from oil, gas or coal – non-renewable natural (17)_____________. We (18)______________ well over two million tones of the material in US each year and, sooner or later, most of it is thrown away. A high (19)_________ of our annual consumption is in the form of packaging, and this (20)_________ about eight percent by weight of our domestic waste.Điền câu 15
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best option for each of the blanks.THE FASTEST DINOSAURAccording to computer models that were used to estimate the running speeds of dinosaurs, the Tyrannosaurus Rex would have been able to outrun a footballer. The study shows that the dinosaur could reach a top (24) ________ of 8 metres a second, which is fractionally faster than the average professional footballer. There has been a lot of controversy (25) ________ whether the Tyrannosaurus Rex was a predator or a scavenger; some believe that its highly developed sense of smell indicates that it was a scavenger, while others say that its keen eyesight shows that it was a hunter. The (26) ________ group will appreciate the recent study, as a hunter is more likely to require such speed.The University of Manchester study used a powerful supercomputer to calculate the running speeds of five meat-eating dinosaurs and used data taken directly from dinosaur fossils, rather than referring to previous work on modern animals. The Tyrannosaurus Rex, however, was not the fastest dinosaur. A small dinosaur (27) ________ Compsognathus, which was about the size of a chicken, could run at 18 metres a second, which is faster than the ostrich, the fastest two-legged animal today. It could run 100 metres in a little over six seconds, which would beat modern Olympic (28) ________ more than a third of the track behind.Điền câu 28
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best option for each of the blanks.THE FASTEST DINOSAURAccording to computer models that were used to estimate the running speeds of dinosaurs, the Tyrannosaurus Rex would have been able to outrun a footballer. The study shows that the dinosaur could reach a top (24) ________ of 8 metres a second, which is fractionally faster than the average professional footballer. There has been a lot of controversy (25) ________ whether the Tyrannosaurus Rex was a predator or a scavenger; some believe that its highly developed sense of smell indicates that it was a scavenger, while others say that its keen eyesight shows that it was a hunter. The (26) ________ group will appreciate the recent study, as a hunter is more likely to require such speed.The University of Manchester study used a powerful supercomputer to calculate the running speeds of five meat-eating dinosaurs and used data taken directly from dinosaur fossils, rather than referring to previous work on modern animals. The Tyrannosaurus Rex, however, was not the fastest dinosaur. A small dinosaur (27) ________ Compsognathus, which was about the size of a chicken, could run at 18 metres a second, which is faster than the ostrich, the fastest two-legged animal today. It could run 100 metres in a little over six seconds, which would beat modern Olympic (28) ________ more than a third of the track behind.Điền câu 27
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best option for each of the blanks.THE FASTEST DINOSAURAccording to computer models that were used to estimate the running speeds of dinosaurs, the Tyrannosaurus Rex would have been able to outrun a footballer. The study shows that the dinosaur could reach a top (24) ________ of 8 metres a second, which is fractionally faster than the average professional footballer. There has been a lot of controversy (25) ________ whether the Tyrannosaurus Rex was a predator or a scavenger; some believe that its highly developed sense of smell indicates that it was a scavenger, while others say that its keen eyesight shows that it was a hunter. The (26) ________ group will appreciate the recent study, as a hunter is more likely to require such speed.The University of Manchester study used a powerful supercomputer to calculate the running speeds of five meat-eating dinosaurs and used data taken directly from dinosaur fossils, rather than referring to previous work on modern animals. The Tyrannosaurus Rex, however, was not the fastest dinosaur. A small dinosaur (27) ________ Compsognathus, which was about the size of a chicken, could run at 18 metres a second, which is faster than the ostrich, the fastest two-legged animal today. It could run 100 metres in a little over six seconds, which would beat modern Olympic (28) ________ more than a third of the track behind.Điền câu 26
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best option for each of the blanks.THE FASTEST DINOSAURAccording to computer models that were used to estimate the running speeds of dinosaurs, the Tyrannosaurus Rex would have been able to outrun a footballer. The study shows that the dinosaur could reach a top (24) ________ of 8 metres a second, which is fractionally faster than the average professional footballer. There has been a lot of controversy (25) ________ whether the Tyrannosaurus Rex was a predator or a scavenger; some believe that its highly developed sense of smell indicates that it was a scavenger, while others say that its keen eyesight shows that it was a hunter. The (26) ________ group will appreciate the recent study, as a hunter is more likely to require such speed.The University of Manchester study used a powerful supercomputer to calculate the running speeds of five meat-eating dinosaurs and used data taken directly from dinosaur fossils, rather than referring to previous work on modern animals. The Tyrannosaurus Rex, however, was not the fastest dinosaur. A small dinosaur (27) ________ Compsognathus, which was about the size of a chicken, could run at 18 metres a second, which is faster than the ostrich, the fastest two-legged animal today. It could run 100 metres in a little over six seconds, which would beat modern Olympic (28) ________ more than a third of the track behind.Điền câu 25
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best option for each of the blanks.THE FASTEST DINOSAURAccording to computer models that were used to estimate the running speeds of dinosaurs, the Tyrannosaurus Rex would have been able to outrun a footballer. The study shows that the dinosaur could reach a top (24) ________ of 8 metres a second, which is fractionally faster than the average professional footballer. There has been a lot of controversy (25) ________ whether the Tyrannosaurus Rex was a predator or a scavenger; some believe that its highly developed sense of smell indicates that it was a scavenger, while others say that its keen eyesight shows that it was a hunter. The (26) ________ group will appreciate the recent study, as a hunter is more likely to require such speed.The University of Manchester study used a powerful supercomputer to calculate the running speeds of five meat-eating dinosaurs and used data taken directly from dinosaur fossils, rather than referring to previous work on modern animals. The Tyrannosaurus Rex, however, was not the fastest dinosaur. A small dinosaur (27) ________ Compsognathus, which was about the size of a chicken, could run at 18 metres a second, which is faster than the ostrich, the fastest two-legged animal today. It could run 100 metres in a little over six seconds, which would beat modern Olympic (28) ________ more than a third of the track behind.Điền câu 24
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.Most traditional human life in deserts is nomadic. It (35) ________ in hot deserts on finding water, and on following infrequent rains to (36) ________ grazing for livestock. In cold deserts, it depends on finding good hunting and fishing grounds, on sheltering from blizzards and winter (37) ________, and on storing enough food for winter. Permanent settlement in both kinds of deserts requires permanent water, food sources and adequate shelter, or the technology and energy sources to (38) ________ it.Many deserts are flat and featureless, lacking landmarks, or composed of repeating landforms such as sand (39) ________ or the jumbled ice-fields of glaciers. Advanced skills or devices are required to navigate through such landscapes and (40) ________ travelers may die when supplies run (41) ________ after becoming lost. In addition, sandstorms or blizzards may cause disorientation in severely-reduced visibility.The (42) ________ represented by wild animals in deserts has featured in explorers' accounts but does not cause higher (43) ________ of death than in other environments such as rainforests or savanna woodland, and generally does not affect human distribution. Defense against polar bears may be advisable in some areas of the Arctic. Precautions against snakes and scorpions in choosing (44) ________ at which to camp in some hot deserts should be taken.Điền câu 44
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.Most traditional human life in deserts is nomadic. It (35) ________ in hot deserts on finding water, and on following infrequent rains to (36) ________ grazing for livestock. In cold deserts, it depends on finding good hunting and fishing grounds, on sheltering from blizzards and winter (37) ________, and on storing enough food for winter. Permanent settlement in both kinds of deserts requires permanent water, food sources and adequate shelter, or the technology and energy sources to (38) ________ it.Many deserts are flat and featureless, lacking landmarks, or composed of repeating landforms such as sand (39) ________ or the jumbled ice-fields of glaciers. Advanced skills or devices are required to navigate through such landscapes and (40) ________ travelers may die when supplies run (41) ________ after becoming lost. In addition, sandstorms or blizzards may cause disorientation in severely-reduced visibility.The (42) ________ represented by wild animals in deserts has featured in explorers' accounts but does not cause higher (43) ________ of death than in other environments such as rainforests or savanna woodland, and generally does not affect human distribution. Defense against polar bears may be advisable in some areas of the Arctic. Precautions against snakes and scorpions in choosing (44) ________ at which to camp in some hot deserts should be taken.Điền câu 43
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.Most traditional human life in deserts is nomadic. It (35) ________ in hot deserts on finding water, and on following infrequent rains to (36) ________ grazing for livestock. In cold deserts, it depends on finding good hunting and fishing grounds, on sheltering from blizzards and winter (37) ________, and on storing enough food for winter. Permanent settlement in both kinds of deserts requires permanent water, food sources and adequate shelter, or the technology and energy sources to (38) ________ it.Many deserts are flat and featureless, lacking landmarks, or composed of repeating landforms such as sand (39) ________ or the jumbled ice-fields of glaciers. Advanced skills or devices are required to navigate through such landscapes and (40) ________ travelers may die when supplies run (41) ________ after becoming lost. In addition, sandstorms or blizzards may cause disorientation in severely-reduced visibility.The (42) ________ represented by wild animals in deserts has featured in explorers' accounts but does not cause higher (43) ________ of death than in other environments such as rainforests or savanna woodland, and generally does not affect human distribution. Defense against polar bears may be advisable in some areas of the Arctic. Precautions against snakes and scorpions in choosing (44) ________ at which to camp in some hot deserts should be taken.Điền câu 42
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.Most traditional human life in deserts is nomadic. It (35) ________ in hot deserts on finding water, and on following infrequent rains to (36) ________ grazing for livestock. In cold deserts, it depends on finding good hunting and fishing grounds, on sheltering from blizzards and winter (37) ________, and on storing enough food for winter. Permanent settlement in both kinds of deserts requires permanent water, food sources and adequate shelter, or the technology and energy sources to (38) ________ it.Many deserts are flat and featureless, lacking landmarks, or composed of repeating landforms such as sand (39) ________ or the jumbled ice-fields of glaciers. Advanced skills or devices are required to navigate through such landscapes and (40) ________ travelers may die when supplies run (41) ________ after becoming lost. In addition, sandstorms or blizzards may cause disorientation in severely-reduced visibility.The (42) ________ represented by wild animals in deserts has featured in explorers' accounts but does not cause higher (43) ________ of death than in other environments such as rainforests or savanna woodland, and generally does not affect human distribution. Defense against polar bears may be advisable in some areas of the Arctic. Precautions against snakes and scorpions in choosing (44) ________ at which to camp in some hot deserts should be taken.Điền câu 41
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.Most traditional human life in deserts is nomadic. It (35) ________ in hot deserts on finding water, and on following infrequent rains to (36) ________ grazing for livestock. In cold deserts, it depends on finding good hunting and fishing grounds, on sheltering from blizzards and winter (37) ________, and on storing enough food for winter. Permanent settlement in both kinds of deserts requires permanent water, food sources and adequate shelter, or the technology and energy sources to (38) ________ it.Many deserts are flat and featureless, lacking landmarks, or composed of repeating landforms such as sand (39) ________ or the jumbled ice-fields of glaciers. Advanced skills or devices are required to navigate through such landscapes and (40) ________ travelers may die when supplies run (41) ________ after becoming lost. In addition, sandstorms or blizzards may cause disorientation in severely-reduced visibility.The (42) ________ represented by wild animals in deserts has featured in explorers' accounts but does not cause higher (43) ________ of death than in other environments such as rainforests or savanna woodland, and generally does not affect human distribution. Defense against polar bears may be advisable in some areas of the Arctic. Precautions against snakes and scorpions in choosing (44) ________ at which to camp in some hot deserts should be taken.Điền câu 40
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.Most traditional human life in deserts is nomadic. It (35) ________ in hot deserts on finding water, and on following infrequent rains to (36) ________ grazing for livestock. In cold deserts, it depends on finding good hunting and fishing grounds, on sheltering from blizzards and winter (37) ________, and on storing enough food for winter. Permanent settlement in both kinds of deserts requires permanent water, food sources and adequate shelter, or the technology and energy sources to (38) ________ it.Many deserts are flat and featureless, lacking landmarks, or composed of repeating landforms such as sand (39) ________ or the jumbled ice-fields of glaciers. Advanced skills or devices are required to navigate through such landscapes and (40) ________ travelers may die when supplies run (41) ________ after becoming lost. In addition, sandstorms or blizzards may cause disorientation in severely-reduced visibility.The (42) ________ represented by wild animals in deserts has featured in explorers' accounts but does not cause higher (43) ________ of death than in other environments such as rainforests or savanna woodland, and generally does not affect human distribution. Defense against polar bears may be advisable in some areas of the Arctic. Precautions against snakes and scorpions in choosing (44) ________ at which to camp in some hot deserts should be taken.Điền câu 39
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.Most traditional human life in deserts is nomadic. It (35) ________ in hot deserts on finding water, and on following infrequent rains to (36) ________ grazing for livestock. In cold deserts, it depends on finding good hunting and fishing grounds, on sheltering from blizzards and winter (37) ________, and on storing enough food for winter. Permanent settlement in both kinds of deserts requires permanent water, food sources and adequate shelter, or the technology and energy sources to (38) ________ it.Many deserts are flat and featureless, lacking landmarks, or composed of repeating landforms such as sand (39) ________ or the jumbled ice-fields of glaciers. Advanced skills or devices are required to navigate through such landscapes and (40) ________ travelers may die when supplies run (41) ________ after becoming lost. In addition, sandstorms or blizzards may cause disorientation in severely-reduced visibility.The (42) ________ represented by wild animals in deserts has featured in explorers' accounts but does not cause higher (43) ________ of death than in other environments such as rainforests or savanna woodland, and generally does not affect human distribution. Defense against polar bears may be advisable in some areas of the Arctic. Precautions against snakes and scorpions in choosing (44) ________ at which to camp in some hot deserts should be taken.Điền câu 38
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.Most traditional human life in deserts is nomadic. It (35) ________ in hot deserts on finding water, and on following infrequent rains to (36) ________ grazing for livestock. In cold deserts, it depends on finding good hunting and fishing grounds, on sheltering from blizzards and winter (37) ________, and on storing enough food for winter. Permanent settlement in both kinds of deserts requires permanent water, food sources and adequate shelter, or the technology and energy sources to (38) ________ it.Many deserts are flat and featureless, lacking landmarks, or composed of repeating landforms such as sand (39) ________ or the jumbled ice-fields of glaciers. Advanced skills or devices are required to navigate through such landscapes and (40) ________ travelers may die when supplies run (41) ________ after becoming lost. In addition, sandstorms or blizzards may cause disorientation in severely-reduced visibility.The (42) ________ represented by wild animals in deserts has featured in explorers' accounts but does not cause higher (43) ________ of death than in other environments such as rainforests or savanna woodland, and generally does not affect human distribution. Defense against polar bears may be advisable in some areas of the Arctic. Precautions against snakes and scorpions in choosing (44) ________ at which to camp in some hot deserts should be taken.Điền câu 37
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.Most traditional human life in deserts is nomadic. It (35) ________ in hot deserts on finding water, and on following infrequent rains to (36) ________ grazing for livestock. In cold deserts, it depends on finding good hunting and fishing grounds, on sheltering from blizzards and winter (37) ________, and on storing enough food for winter. Permanent settlement in both kinds of deserts requires permanent water, food sources and adequate shelter, or the technology and energy sources to (38) ________ it.Many deserts are flat and featureless, lacking landmarks, or composed of repeating landforms such as sand (39) ________ or the jumbled ice-fields of glaciers. Advanced skills or devices are required to navigate through such landscapes and (40) ________ travelers may die when supplies run (41) ________ after becoming lost. In addition, sandstorms or blizzards may cause disorientation in severely-reduced visibility.The (42) ________ represented by wild animals in deserts has featured in explorers' accounts but does not cause higher (43) ________ of death than in other environments such as rainforests or savanna woodland, and generally does not affect human distribution. Defense against polar bears may be advisable in some areas of the Arctic. Precautions against snakes and scorpions in choosing (44) ________ at which to camp in some hot deserts should be taken.Điền câu 36
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.Most traditional human life in deserts is nomadic. It (35) ________ in hot deserts on finding water, and on following infrequent rains to (36) ________ grazing for livestock. In cold deserts, it depends on finding good hunting and fishing grounds, on sheltering from blizzards and winter (37) ________, and on storing enough food for winter. Permanent settlement in both kinds of deserts requires permanent water, food sources and adequate shelter, or the technology and energy sources to (38) ________ it.Many deserts are flat and featureless, lacking landmarks, or composed of repeating landforms such as sand (39) ________ or the jumbled ice-fields of glaciers. Advanced skills or devices are required to navigate through such landscapes and (40) ________ travelers may die when supplies run (41) ________ after becoming lost. In addition, sandstorms or blizzards may cause disorientation in severely-reduced visibility.The (42) ________ represented by wild animals in deserts has featured in explorers' accounts but does not cause higher (43) ________ of death than in other environments such as rainforests or savanna woodland, and generally does not affect human distribution. Defense against polar bears may be advisable in some areas of the Arctic. Precautions against snakes and scorpions in choosing (44) ________ at which to camp in some hot deserts should be taken.Điền câu 35
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions. Children learn to construct language from those around them. Until about the age of three, children tend to learn to develop their language by modeling the speech of their parents, but from that time on, peers have a growing influence as models for language development in children. It is easy to observe that, when adults and older children interact with younger children, they tend to modify their language to improve children communication with younger children, and this modified language is called caretaker speech.Caretaker speech is used often quite unconsciously; few people actually study how to modify language when speaking to young children but, instead, without thinking, find ways to reduce the complexity of language in order to communicate effectively with young children. A caretaker will unconsciously speak in one way with adults and in a very different way with young children. Caretaker speech tends to be slower speech with short, simple words and sentences which are said in a higher-pitched voice with exaggerated inflections and many repetitions of essential information. It is not limited to what is commonly called baby talk, which generally refers to the use of simplified, repeated syllable expressions, such as ma-ma, boo-boo, bye-bye, wa-wa, but also includes the simplified sentence structures repeated in sing-song inflections. Examples of these are expressions such as “ say bye-bye” or “where’s da-da?”Caretaker speech serves the very important function of allowing young children to acquire language more easily. The higher-pitched voice and the exaggerated inflections tend to focus the small child on what the caretaker is saying, the simplified words and sentences make it easier for the small child to begin to comprehended, and the repetitions reinforce the child’s developing understanding. Then, as a child’s speech develops, caretakers tend to adjust their language in the response to the improved language skills, again quite unconsciously. Parents and older children regularly adjust their speed to a level that is slightly above that of a younger child; without studied recognition of what they are doing, these caretakers will speak in one way to a one-year-ago and in a progressively more complex way as the child reaches the age of two or three.An important point to note is that the function covered by caretaker speech, that of assisting a child to acquire language in small and simple steps, is an unconsciously used but extremely important part of the process of language acquisition and as such is quite universal. It is not merely a device used by English-speaking parents. Studying cultures where children do not acquire language through caretaker speech is difficult because such cultures are not difficult to find. The question of why caretaker speech is universal is not clear understood; instead proponents on either side of the nature vs. nature debate argue over whether caretaker speech is a natural function or a learned one. Those who believe that caretaker speech is a natural and inherent function in humans believe that it is human nature for children to acquire language and for those around them to encourage their language acquisition naturally; the presence of a child is itself a natural stimulus that increases the rate of caretaker speech develops through nurturing rather than nature argue that a person who is attempting to communicate with a child will learn by trying out different ways of communicating to determine which is the most effective from the reactions to the communication attempts; apparent might, for example, learn to use speech with exaggerated inflections with a small child because the exaggerated inflections do a better job of attracting the child’s attention than do more subtle inflections. Whether caretaker speech results from nature or nurture, it does play an important and universal role in child language acquisition.It is indicated in paragraph 3 that parents tend to
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions. Children learn to construct language from those around them. Until about the age of three, children tend to learn to develop their language by modeling the speech of their parents, but from that time on, peers have a growing influence as models for language development in children. It is easy to observe that, when adults and older children interact with younger children, they tend to modify their language to improve children communication with younger children, and this modified language is called caretaker speech.Caretaker speech is used often quite unconsciously; few people actually study how to modify language when speaking to young children but, instead, without thinking, find ways to reduce the complexity of language in order to communicate effectively with young children. A caretaker will unconsciously speak in one way with adults and in a very different way with young children. Caretaker speech tends to be slower speech with short, simple words and sentences which are said in a higher-pitched voice with exaggerated inflections and many repetitions of essential information. It is not limited to what is commonly called baby talk, which generally refers to the use of simplified, repeated syllable expressions, such as ma-ma, boo-boo, bye-bye, wa-wa, but also includes the simplified sentence structures repeated in sing-song inflections. Examples of these are expressions such as “ say bye-bye” or “where’s da-da?”Caretaker speech serves the very important function of allowing young children to acquire language more easily. The higher-pitched voice and the exaggerated inflections tend to focus the small child on what the caretaker is saying, the simplified words and sentences make it easier for the small child to begin to comprehended, and the repetitions reinforce the child’s developing understanding. Then, as a child’s speech develops, caretakers tend to adjust their language in the response to the improved language skills, again quite unconsciously. Parents and older children regularly adjust their speed to a level that is slightly above that of a younger child; without studied recognition of what they are doing, these caretakers will speak in one way to a one-year-ago and in a progressively more complex way as the child reaches the age of two or three.An important point to note is that the function covered by caretaker speech, that of assisting a child to acquire language in small and simple steps, is an unconsciously used but extremely important part of the process of language acquisition and as such is quite universal. It is not merely a device used by English-speaking parents. Studying cultures where children do not acquire language through caretaker speech is difficult because such cultures are not difficult to find. The question of why caretaker speech is universal is not clear understood; instead proponents on either side of the nature vs. nature debate argue over whether caretaker speech is a natural function or a learned one. Those who believe that caretaker speech is a natural and inherent function in humans believe that it is human nature for children to acquire language and for those around them to encourage their language acquisition naturally; the presence of a child is itself a natural stimulus that increases the rate of caretaker speech develops through nurturing rather than nature argue that a person who is attempting to communicate with a child will learn by trying out different ways of communicating to determine which is the most effective from the reactions to the communication attempts; apparent might, for example, learn to use speech with exaggerated inflections with a small child because the exaggerated inflections do a better job of attracting the child’s attention than do more subtle inflections. Whether caretaker speech results from nature or nurture, it does play an important and universal role in child language acquisition.All of the following are mentioned in par.3 as characteristics of caretaker speech EXCEPT
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions. Children learn to construct language from those around them. Until about the age of three, children tend to learn to develop their language by modeling the speech of their parents, but from that time on, peers have a growing influence as models for language development in children. It is easy to observe that, when adults and older children interact with younger children, they tend to modify their language to improve children communication with younger children, and this modified language is called caretaker speech.Caretaker speech is used often quite unconsciously; few people actually study how to modify language when speaking to young children but, instead, without thinking, find ways to reduce the complexity of language in order to communicate effectively with young children. A caretaker will unconsciously speak in one way with adults and in a very different way with young children. Caretaker speech tends to be slower speech with short, simple words and sentences which are said in a higher-pitched voice with exaggerated inflections and many repetitions of essential information. It is not limited to what is commonly called baby talk, which generally refers to the use of simplified, repeated syllable expressions, such as ma-ma, boo-boo, bye-bye, wa-wa, but also includes the simplified sentence structures repeated in sing-song inflections. Examples of these are expressions such as “ say bye-bye” or “where’s da-da?”Caretaker speech serves the very important function of allowing young children to acquire language more easily. The higher-pitched voice and the exaggerated inflections tend to focus the small child on what the caretaker is saying, the simplified words and sentences make it easier for the small child to begin to comprehended, and the repetitions reinforce the child’s developing understanding. Then, as a child’s speech develops, caretakers tend to adjust their language in the response to the improved language skills, again quite unconsciously. Parents and older children regularly adjust their speed to a level that is slightly above that of a younger child; without studied recognition of what they are doing, these caretakers will speak in one way to a one-year-ago and in a progressively more complex way as the child reaches the age of two or three.An important point to note is that the function covered by caretaker speech, that of assisting a child to acquire language in small and simple steps, is an unconsciously used but extremely important part of the process of language acquisition and as such is quite universal. It is not merely a device used by English-speaking parents. Studying cultures where children do not acquire language through caretaker speech is difficult because such cultures are not difficult to find. The question of why caretaker speech is universal is not clear understood; instead proponents on either side of the nature vs. nature debate argue over whether caretaker speech is a natural function or a learned one. Those who believe that caretaker speech is a natural and inherent function in humans believe that it is human nature for children to acquire language and for those around them to encourage their language acquisition naturally; the presence of a child is itself a natural stimulus that increases the rate of caretaker speech develops through nurturing rather than nature argue that a person who is attempting to communicate with a child will learn by trying out different ways of communicating to determine which is the most effective from the reactions to the communication attempts; apparent might, for example, learn to use speech with exaggerated inflections with a small child because the exaggerated inflections do a better job of attracting the child’s attention than do more subtle inflections. Whether caretaker speech results from nature or nurture, it does play an important and universal role in child language acquisition.It can be inferred from part.2 that people generally seem
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions. Children learn to construct language from those around them. Until about the age of three, children tend to learn to develop their language by modeling the speech of their parents, but from that time on, peers have a growing influence as models for language development in children. It is easy to observe that, when adults and older children interact with younger children, they tend to modify their language to improve children communication with younger children, and this modified language is called caretaker speech.Caretaker speech is used often quite unconsciously; few people actually study how to modify language when speaking to young children but, instead, without thinking, find ways to reduce the complexity of language in order to communicate effectively with young children. A caretaker will unconsciously speak in one way with adults and in a very different way with young children. Caretaker speech tends to be slower speech with short, simple words and sentences which are said in a higher-pitched voice with exaggerated inflections and many repetitions of essential information. It is not limited to what is commonly called baby talk, which generally refers to the use of simplified, repeated syllable expressions, such as ma-ma, boo-boo, bye-bye, wa-wa, but also includes the simplified sentence structures repeated in sing-song inflections. Examples of these are expressions such as “ say bye-bye” or “where’s da-da?”Caretaker speech serves the very important function of allowing young children to acquire language more easily. The higher-pitched voice and the exaggerated inflections tend to focus the small child on what the caretaker is saying, the simplified words and sentences make it easier for the small child to begin to comprehended, and the repetitions reinforce the child’s developing understanding. Then, as a child’s speech develops, caretakers tend to adjust their language in the response to the improved language skills, again quite unconsciously. Parents and older children regularly adjust their speed to a level that is slightly above that of a younger child; without studied recognition of what they are doing, these caretakers will speak in one way to a one-year-ago and in a progressively more complex way as the child reaches the age of two or three.An important point to note is that the function covered by caretaker speech, that of assisting a child to acquire language in small and simple steps, is an unconsciously used but extremely important part of the process of language acquisition and as such is quite universal. It is not merely a device used by English-speaking parents. Studying cultures where children do not acquire language through caretaker speech is difficult because such cultures are not difficult to find. The question of why caretaker speech is universal is not clear understood; instead proponents on either side of the nature vs. nature debate argue over whether caretaker speech is a natural function or a learned one. Those who believe that caretaker speech is a natural and inherent function in humans believe that it is human nature for children to acquire language and for those around them to encourage their language acquisition naturally; the presence of a child is itself a natural stimulus that increases the rate of caretaker speech develops through nurturing rather than nature argue that a person who is attempting to communicate with a child will learn by trying out different ways of communicating to determine which is the most effective from the reactions to the communication attempts; apparent might, for example, learn to use speech with exaggerated inflections with a small child because the exaggerated inflections do a better job of attracting the child’s attention than do more subtle inflections. Whether caretaker speech results from nature or nurture, it does play an important and universal role in child language acquisition.According to paragraph 1, children over the age of three
Read the following passage, and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks.THE TOURIST TRAPTourism is the fastest-growing industry in the world. As well as bringing prosperity to an area, however, it can also destroy the qualities which (31)________visitors in the first place. If it is not carefully controlled, tourism can also create problems for local people, as is shown by various examples from around the world. When Phuket in Thailand first became a popular tourist (32)________, people there were unable to cope with the increase in rubbish that 2 million visitors a year produce and a huge incinerator had to be built in the countryside to deal with it. New hotels at Goa in India caused a huge increase in water consumption, (33)________many local people to walk considerable distances to get clean water. And Egypt’s desert landscapes are being destroyed by the litter (34)________by tourists. Moving sands are difficult to clean, and the white desert to the west of the Nile Valley may be permanently affected. It’s encouraging, therefore, to read about the efforts of certain tour companies who are organising environmental holidays in some of the worst hit areas. Regular tours now go to places (35)________the Himalayas and Atlas mountains in North Africa with the aim of combining a bit of sightseeing with the chance to help clear up some of the mess left by previous visitors.Điền vào ô số 35
Read the following passage, and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer for each of the blanks.THE TOURIST TRAPTourism is the fastest-growing industry in the world. As well as bringing prosperity to an area, however, it can also destroy the qualities which (31)________visitors in the first place. If it is not carefully controlled, tourism can also create problems for local people, as is shown by various examples from around the world. When Phuket in Thailand first became a popular tourist (32)________, people there were unable to cope with the increase in rubbish that 2 million visitors a year produce and a huge incinerator had to be built in the countryside to deal with it. New hotels at Goa in India caused a huge increase in water consumption, (33)________many local people to walk considerable distances to get clean water. And Egypt’s desert landscapes are being destroyed by the litter (34)________by tourists. Moving sands are difficult to clean, and the white desert to the west of the Nile Valley may be permanently affected. It’s encouraging, therefore, to read about the efforts of certain tour companies who are organising environmental holidays in some of the worst hit areas. Regular tours now go to places (35)________the Himalayas and Atlas mountains in North Africa with the aim of combining a bit of sightseeing with the chance to help clear up some of the mess left by previous visitors.Điền vào ô số 33
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions.Although noise, commonly defined as unwanted sound, is a widely recognized form of pollution, it is very difficult to measure because the discomfort experienced by different individuals is highly subjective and, therefore, variable. Exposure to lower levels of noise may be slightly irritating, whereas exposure to higher levels may actually cause hearing loss. Particularly in congested urban areas, the noise produced as a by product of our advancing technology causes physical and psychological harm, and detracts from the quality of life for those who are exposed to it. Unlike the eyes, which can be covered by the eyelids against strong light, the ear has no lid, and is, therefore, always open and vulnerable; noise penetrates without protection. Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot control and to which the body never becomes accustomed. Loud noises instinctively signal danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism, including human beings. In response, heartbeat and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict, the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there is a general increase in functioning brought about by the flow of adrenaline released in response to fear, and some of these responses persist even longer than the noise, occasionally as long as thirty minutes after the sound has ceased. Because noise is unavoidable in a complex, industrial society, we are constantly responding in the same way that we would respond to danger. Recently, researchers have concluded that noise and our response may be much more than an annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical and psychological health and well-being, causing damage not only to the ear and brain but also to the heart and stomach. We have long known that hearing loss is America’s number one nonfatal health problem, but now we are learning that some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be victims of noise as well. Fetuses exposed to noise tend to be overactive, they cry easily, and they are more sensitive to gastrointestinal problems after birth. In addition, the psychic effect of noise is very important. Nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety increase, affecting the quality of rest during sleep, and the efficiency of activities during waking hours, as well as the way that we interact with each other.With which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions.Although noise, commonly defined as unwanted sound, is a widely recognized form of pollution, it is very difficult to measure because the discomfort experienced by different individuals is highly subjective and, therefore, variable. Exposure to lower levels of noise may be slightly irritating, whereas exposure to higher levels may actually cause hearing loss. Particularly in congested urban areas, the noise produced as a by product of our advancing technology causes physical and psychological harm, and detracts from the quality of life for those who are exposed to it. Unlike the eyes, which can be covered by the eyelids against strong light, the ear has no lid, and is, therefore, always open and vulnerable; noise penetrates without protection. Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot control and to which the body never becomes accustomed. Loud noises instinctively signal danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism, including human beings. In response, heartbeat and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict, the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there is a general increase in functioning brought about by the flow of adrenaline released in response to fear, and some of these responses persist even longer than the noise, occasionally as long as thirty minutes after the sound has ceased. Because noise is unavoidable in a complex, industrial society, we are constantly responding in the same way that we would respond to danger. Recently, researchers have concluded that noise and our response may be much more than an annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical and psychological health and well-being, causing damage not only to the ear and brain but also to the heart and stomach. We have long known that hearing loss is America’s number one nonfatal health problem, but now we are learning that some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be victims of noise as well. Fetuses exposed to noise tend to be overactive, they cry easily, and they are more sensitive to gastrointestinal problems after birth. In addition, the psychic effect of noise is very important. Nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety increase, affecting the quality of rest during sleep, and the efficiency of activities during waking hours, as well as the way that we interact with each other.The word "it" in the first paragraph refers to
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions.Although noise, commonly defined as unwanted sound, is a widely recognized form of pollution, it is very difficult to measure because the discomfort experienced by different individuals is highly subjective and, therefore, variable. Exposure to lower levels of noise may be slightly irritating, whereas exposure to higher levels may actually cause hearing loss. Particularly in congested urban areas, the noise produced as a by product of our advancing technology causes physical and psychological harm, and detracts from the quality of life for those who are exposed to it. Unlike the eyes, which can be covered by the eyelids against strong light, the ear has no lid, and is, therefore, always open and vulnerable; noise penetrates without protection. Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot control and to which the body never becomes accustomed. Loud noises instinctively signal danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism, including human beings. In response, heartbeat and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict, the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there is a general increase in functioning brought about by the flow of adrenaline released in response to fear, and some of these responses persist even longer than the noise, occasionally as long as thirty minutes after the sound has ceased. Because noise is unavoidable in a complex, industrial society, we are constantly responding in the same way that we would respond to danger. Recently, researchers have concluded that noise and our response may be much more than an annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical and psychological health and well-being, causing damage not only to the ear and brain but also to the heart and stomach. We have long known that hearing loss is America’s number one nonfatal health problem, but now we are learning that some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be victims of noise as well. Fetuses exposed to noise tend to be overactive, they cry easily, and they are more sensitive to gastrointestinal problems after birth. In addition, the psychic effect of noise is very important. Nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety increase, affecting the quality of rest during sleep, and the efficiency of activities during waking hours, as well as the way that we interact with each other.According to the passage, people respond to loud noises in the same way that they respond to
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions.Although noise, commonly defined as unwanted sound, is a widely recognized form of pollution, it is very difficult to measure because the discomfort experienced by different individuals is highly subjective and, therefore, variable. Exposure to lower levels of noise may be slightly irritating, whereas exposure to higher levels may actually cause hearing loss. Particularly in congested urban areas, the noise produced as a by product of our advancing technology causes physical and psychological harm, and detracts from the quality of life for those who are exposed to it. Unlike the eyes, which can be covered by the eyelids against strong light, the ear has no lid, and is, therefore, always open and vulnerable; noise penetrates without protection. Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot control and to which the body never becomes accustomed. Loud noises instinctively signal danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism, including human beings. In response, heartbeat and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict, the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there is a general increase in functioning brought about by the flow of adrenaline released in response to fear, and some of these responses persist even longer than the noise, occasionally as long as thirty minutes after the sound has ceased. Because noise is unavoidable in a complex, industrial society, we are constantly responding in the same way that we would respond to danger. Recently, researchers have concluded that noise and our response may be much more than an annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical and psychological health and well-being, causing damage not only to the ear and brain but also to the heart and stomach. We have long known that hearing loss is America’s number one nonfatal health problem, but now we are learning that some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be victims of noise as well. Fetuses exposed to noise tend to be overactive, they cry easily, and they are more sensitive to gastrointestinal problems after birth. In addition, the psychic effect of noise is very important. Nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety increase, affecting the quality of rest during sleep, and the efficiency of activities during waking hours, as well as the way that we interact with each other.It can be inferred from the passage that the eye