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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.      The British are particular about timings and being late is frowned upon, but being on time is a complicated matter because in some situations, being a few minutes early on others means being exactly on time and in some instances, it is completely acceptable to arrive 10 minutes to a few hours later than the stated time. This can be a minefield for someone who is new to the UK, so here are some basic rules that will help you get your timing right whatever the situation.       In formal meetings, such as job interviews, you should arrive at least five minutes before your meeting. This will give you time to compose yourself before your big meeting. In the UK, arriving late for a formal meeting is seen as unprofessional and will reflect badly on you. If you are running late, ring your host to let them know you will be late. On arrival, apologize sincerely and offer a reason for your lateness, such as you got lost or the train was delayed. It will help you redeem yourself. However, if you are late because you set off later than you should have, it's wise to keep that to yourself!       If you have been invited to a dinner party, you should arrive exactly on time as the host will have planned when they will serve the food. You will find that your host will serve their guests a pre-dinner drink, so that gives you a bit of wiggle room, but if you are running later than 10 minutes, you should ring your host and let them know how late you might be. That way they can decide whether to go ahead and serve the other guests. When you arrive you should offer the host and the other guests your apology for being late.  (Source: https://www.oxfordinternationalenglish.com/)   What is the author's main purpose in the passage?

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 34 to 40.       Roman gladiators are intriguing figures in history. We get "gladiator" from the Latin word gladius, which means sword. Gladiators were professional combatants who originally performed, to the death, at Etruscan funerals. The losers became armed attendants in the next world to the person whose funeral was being held.       In Rome, these exhibitions became very popular and increased in size from 3 pairs at the first known exhibition in 264 B.C. to 300 pairs in the middle of the first century B.C. These spectacles increased to as many as 100 pairs under the emperor Titus, while the emperor Trajan in 107 A.D. had 5,000 pairs of gladiators for his triumph.       There were various classes of gladiators, distinguished by their arms or modes of fighting. The Samnites fought with the national weapons - a large oblong shield, a visor, a plumed helmet, and a short sword. Thracians had a small round shield, called a buckler. And a dagger curved like a scythe. They usually fought the Mirmillones, who were armed in the Gallic fashion with helmet, sword and shield. Similarly, a Retiarius or net man, was often matched with a Secutor, or pursuer. The net man wore nothing but a short tunic or apron and tried to entangle the fully armed pursuer with the cast net he carried in his right hand. If successful, the net man dispatched the pursuer with a large, three pronged weapon called a trident, which the net man carried in his left. Others fought on horseback, and some carried a short sword in each hand. There were also gladiators who fought from chariots and others who tried to lasso their antagonists.       Gladiators came from a variety of social classes. Though they were usually slaves and criminals, a ruined man of high social position might hire himself out as a gladiator. Emperor Domitian had unusual gladiators, dwarfs and women, and the half-mad emperor Commodus fought in the arena, where he won his bouts with the aid of his Praetorian Guard.       To a victorious gladiator was given branches of palm and sometimes money. If they survived a number of combats, they were often freed from gladiatorial service. However, many gladiators reentered after discharge. Some became politically important bodyguards to controversial politicians.  What is the main topic of the passage?

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheer to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 29 to 33. Although the plane is the fastest means of transport, the idea of travelling by plane does not appeal to everyone because of the frequent delays. It is extremely frustrating when you allow yourself (29) _________. of time to get to the airport and - once there - it is brought to your (30) _________ that there is a problem with your flight. The staff at the check-in are trying to convince you that it won't be long before the problem is solved. Yet, hours later you feel let down, as you continue waiting patiently for your boarding call. Of course, you won't gain anything by complaining. By this stage, you realize you are going to miss your connecting flight and now you must change your bookings. You feel as if you're never going to get to your destination. (31) ________, there is a slight chance that you could be one of the lucky ones spending the night at a top-class hotel at the expense of the airline (32) _________ caused your problem in the first place. Admittedly, you would rather be heading for your original destination. Regular (33) _______ advise us just to accept the fact that no matter how frustrating this situation might be, it's unavoidable and shouldn't affect us that much.  It is extremely frustrating when you allow yourself (29) _________.

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