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Cho đoạn trích sau: “Sáng hôm sau, mặt trời lên bằng con sào, Tràng mới trở dậy. Trong người êm ái lửng lơ như người vừa ở trong giấc mơ đi ra. Việc hắn có vợ đến hôm nay hắn vẫn còn ngỡ ngàng như không phải. Hắn chắp hai tay sau lưng, lững thững bước ra sân. Ánh nắng buổi sáng mùa hè sáng lóa xói và hai con mắt còn cay sè của hắn. Hắn chớp chớp liên hồi mấy cái, và   chợt nhận ra, xung quanh mình có cái gì vừa thay đổi mới mẻ, khác lạ. Nhà cửa, sân vườn, hôm nay đều được quét tước, thu dọn sạch sẽ gọn gàng. Mấy chiếc quần áo rách như tổ đỉa vẫn vắt khươn mươn niên ở một góc nhà đã thấy đem ra sân hong. Hai cái ang nước vẫn để khô cong ở dưới gốc ổi đã kín nước đầy ăm ắp. Đống rá mùn tung bành ngay lối đi đã hót sạch. Ngoài vườn người mẹ đang lúi húi giẫy những búi cỏ mọc nham nhở. Vợ hắn quét lại cái sân, tiếng chổi từng nhát kêu sàn sạt trên mặt đất. Cảnh tượng thật đơn giản, bình thường nhưng đối với hắn lại rất thấm thía cảm động. Bỗng nhiên hắn thấy hắn thương yêu gắn bó với cái nhà của hắn lạ lùng. Hắn đã có một gia đình. Hắn sẽ cùng vợ sinh con đẻ cái ở đấy. Cái nhà như cái tổ ấm che mưa che nắng. Một nguồn vui sướng phấn chấn đột ngột tràn ngập trong lòng. Bây giờ hắn mới thấy hắn nên người, hắn thấy hắn có bổn phận phải lo lắng cho vợ con sau này. Hắn xăm xăm chạy ra giữa sân, hắn cũng muốn làm một việc gì để dự phần tu sửa lại căn nhà.” Trích Vợ nhặt - Kim Lân, Ngữ văn 12, tập hai, NXB Giáo dục, 2008, tr.30) Phân tích diễn biến tâm trạng và hành động của nhân vật Tràng trong đoạn trích trên. Từ đó nhận xét về tư tưởng nhân đạo mà nhà văn Kim Lân gửi gắm qua nhân vật.

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50. Dark matter in the universe is believed by some scientists to be a substance that is not readily observable because it does not directly refract light or energy. Its existence can only be deduced because of the effect that it has on surrounding matter. In fact, some members of the scientific community have argued that dark matter does not actually exist. Others, however, believe in its existence, in part because the scientific community does not have a complete understanding of gravity science. On the other hand, some would argue that it is the understanding of gravitational science that leads most scientists to believe in the existence of dark matter, because without dark matter, there are many cosmological phenomena that are difficult to explain. For example, dark matter in the universe may have a peculiar effect on the Milky Way galaxy. Some scientists believe that the interaction between dark matter and other smaller, nearby galaxies is causing the Milky Way galaxy to take on a warped profile. It has been asserted that not only does dark matter exist, it may also be responsible for the Milky Way’s unusual shape. The interaction referenced involves two smaller galaxies near the Milky Way, called Magellanic clouds, moving through an enormous amount of dark matter, which, in effect, enhances the gravitational pull that the two Magellanic clouds could have on the Milky Way and other surrounding bodies. Without the existence of the dark matter, the Magellanic clouds would not have sufficient mass to have such a strong effect on the bend of the Milky Way galaxy. The strongest evidence for the validity of this hypothesis rests in Newtonian physics, and the hypothesis that anything with mass will exert a gravitational pull. The Milky Way and other galaxies with peculiar warped shapes are being molded by a gravitational force. However, there is nothing readily observable with sufficient mass that could cause such a high level of distortion via gravitational pull in the vicinity of the Milky Way. Therefore, something that is not easily observed must be exerting the necessary force to create the warped shape of the galaxy. Aaron Romanowsky and several colleagues have questioned the effect that dark matter might have on galaxies. They point to the existence of several elliptical galaxies surrounded by very  little dark matter as evidence that dark matter is not, in fact, the cause of the warped galaxies. While they do not claim that their findings should be interpreted to conclude that dark matter does not exist, they apparently believe that the results of their studies cast doubt on some of the conventional theories of galaxy formation and manipulation. Several models constructed by researchers from the University of California at Berkeley, however, point to the idea that dark matter is the most likely explanation for the distorted shape of the Milky Way and other galaxies. Using computer models, they have mapped the likely interactions between certain galaxies and the surrounding dark matter, and those models have shown not only the possibility that dark matter is responsible for the warped shape of the Milky Way, but that the relationship between the dark matter and the Magellanic clouds is dynamic; the movement of the clouds through the dark matter seems to create a wake that enhances their gravitational influence on the Milky Way. The passage states that some members of the scientific community are reluctant to believe in the existence of dark matter because___________.

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42. The growth of cities, the construction of hundreds of new factories, and the spread of railroads in the United States before 1850 had increased the need for better illumination. But the lighting in American homes had improved very little over that of ancient times. Through the colonial period, homes were lit with tallow candles or with a lamp of the kind used in ancient Rome - a dish of fish oil or other animal or vegetable oil in which a twisted rag served as a wick. Some people used lard, but they had to heat charcoal underneath to keep it soft and burnable. The sperm whale provided superior burning oil, but this was expensive. In 1830 a new substance called “camphene” was patented, and it proved to be an excellent illuminant. But while camphene gave a bright light it too remained expensive, had an unpleasant odor, and also was dangerously explosive. Between 1830 and 1850, it seemed that the only hope for cheaper illumination in the United States was the wider use of gas. In the 1840s, American gas manufacturers adopted improved British techniques for producing illuminating gas from coal. But the expense of piping gas to the consumer remained so high that until the mid-nineteenth century gas lighting was feasible only in urban areas, and only for public buildings for the wealthy. In 1854, a Canadian doctor, Abraham Gesner, patented a process for distilling a pitch like mineral found in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia that produced illuminating gas and an oil that he called “kerosene” (from “keros”, the Greek word for wax, and “ene” because it resembled camphene). Kerosene, though cheaper than camphene, had an unpleasant odor, and Gesner never made his fortune from it. But Gesner had aroused a new hope for making illuminating oil from a product coming out of North American mines. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason why better lighting had become necessary by the mid-nineteenth century?

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