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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsDiet and ExerciseMany people seem to believe that there is a magic diet formula that will guarantee weight loss. This is a fallacy. Most fad diet, if followed conscientiously, will result in weight loss due to the reduction in calories. However, they are nearly always too monotonous and sometimes too unhealthy to be followed in the long term. Worse, fad dieters who don't become physically active and learn to eat sensibly will eventually regain the weight they lost, and often even more. Some of the most popular fad diets in recent years have been low-carbohydrate programs, which work by making the body produce ketones. Ketones are normal and efficient source of energy for the human body. When the intake of carbohydrates is severely restricted, body fats are broken down into fatty acids that can be used as fuel. The fatty acids may be incompletely metabolized, yielding ketones. When your body is producing ketones, and using them as fuel, this is called ketosis. Most diets based on ketosis do not limit the consumption of protein, fat, or total calories. As a result, their fat content tends to be very high. Promoters claim that ketosis will lead to increased metabolism of unwanted fat, even if the calories are not reduced. This is not entirely true; calorie reduction is likely to occur because of the diet's lack of appealing foods. This is not conductive to forming sensible eating habits. The most widely used low-carbohydrate diet is the one advocated by the late Robert Atkins M.D, of New York City. Under the Atkins program, the dieter is permitted to eat unlimited amounts of non-carbohydrate foods "when hungry". The American Medical Association and many individual experts have warned that the unlimited intake of saturated fat under Atkins food plan can increase the dieter's risk of heart disease. In 2000, researchers at the University of Kentucky did a computer analysis of a week's worth of sample menus and reported several alarming findings: the diet contained 59% fat; it provided fewer servings of grains, vegetables, and fruits than recommended by most nutritionists, and while it can produce short-term weight loss, long-term use is likely to increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. The weight loss usually doesn't last, either. As ketosis begins, weight will be shed quickly, giving the misleading impression that significant fat reduction is taking place. In fact, most of the weight loss is water rather than fat; the lost water is regained quickly when a normal diet is resumed. Appetite, which is often reduced during ketosis, also returns. Atkins advocated his diet for more than 30 years and claimed that more than 60,000 patients treated at his centre had used his diet as their primary protocol for losing weight. Yet he never published any study in which people who used this program were monitored over a period of several years. Besides the dubiousness of its effects in the long term, the Atkins diet shares another shortcoming of all fad diets: inflexibility. People are different, with different health problems and genetic characteristics, and no single diet is right for everyone. An additional downside to the recent craze for low-carbohydrate diets is that it has encouraged food companies to market low-carbohydrate foods for people who want to "watch their carbs". Most of these foods are much higher in fat than the foods they are designed to replace. "Low-carb” advertising is encouraging both dieters and non-dieters to eat high-fat foods, which is exactly the opposite of medical and nutrition authorities have been arguing for decades. Following a low-carbohydrate diet under medical supervision may make sense for some people, but a population-wide increase in fat consumption would be a public health disasterWhy does the author mention 30 years and 60,000 people in paragraph 4?
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsDiet and ExerciseMany people seem to believe that there is a magic diet formula that will guarantee weight loss. This is a fallacy. Most fad diet, if followed conscientiously, will result in weight loss due to the reduction in calories. However, they are nearly always too monotonous and sometimes too unhealthy to be followed in the long term. Worse, fad dieters who don't become physically active and learn to eat sensibly will eventually regain the weight they lost, and often even more. Some of the most popular fad diets in recent years have been low-carbohydrate programs, which work by making the body produce ketones. Ketones are normal and efficient source of energy for the human body. When the intake of carbohydrates is severely restricted, body fats are broken down into fatty acids that can be used as fuel. The fatty acids may be incompletely metabolized, yielding ketones. When your body is producing ketones, and using them as fuel, this is called ketosis. Most diets based on ketosis do not limit the consumption of protein, fat, or total calories. As a result, their fat content tends to be very high. Promoters claim that ketosis will lead to increased metabolism of unwanted fat, even if the calories are not reduced. This is not entirely true; calorie reduction is likely to occur because of the diet's lack of appealing foods. This is not conductive to forming sensible eating habits. The most widely used low-carbohydrate diet is the one advocated by the late Robert Atkins M.D, of New York City. Under the Atkins program, the dieter is permitted to eat unlimited amounts of non-carbohydrate foods "when hungry". The American Medical Association and many individual experts have warned that the unlimited intake of saturated fat under Atkins food plan can increase the dieter's risk of heart disease. In 2000, researchers at the University of Kentucky did a computer analysis of a week's worth of sample menus and reported several alarming findings: the diet contained 59% fat; it provided fewer servings of grains, vegetables, and fruits than recommended by most nutritionists, and while it can produce short-term weight loss, long-term use is likely to increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. The weight loss usually doesn't last, either. As ketosis begins, weight will be shed quickly, giving the misleading impression that significant fat reduction is taking place. In fact, most of the weight loss is water rather than fat; the lost water is regained quickly when a normal diet is resumed. Appetite, which is often reduced during ketosis, also returns. Atkins advocated his diet for more than 30 years and claimed that more than 60,000 patients treated at his centre had used his diet as their primary protocol for losing weight. Yet he never published any study in which people who used this program were monitored over a period of several years. Besides the dubiousness of its effects in the long term, the Atkins diet shares another shortcoming of all fad diets: inflexibility. People are different, with different health problems and genetic characteristics, and no single diet is right for everyone. An additional downside to the recent craze for low-carbohydrate diets is that it has encouraged food companies to market low-carbohydrate foods for people who want to "watch their carbs". Most of these foods are much higher in fat than the foods they are designed to replace. "Low-carb” advertising is encouraging both dieters and non-dieters to eat high-fat foods, which is exactly the opposite of medical and nutrition authorities have been arguing for decades. Following a low-carbohydrate diet under medical supervision may make sense for some people, but a population-wide increase in fat consumption would be a public health disasterWhich of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsDiet and ExerciseMany people seem to believe that there is a magic diet formula that will guarantee weight loss. This is a fallacy. Most fad diet, if followed conscientiously, will result in weight loss due to the reduction in calories. However, they are nearly always too monotonous and sometimes too unhealthy to be followed in the long term. Worse, fad dieters who don't become physically active and learn to eat sensibly will eventually regain the weight they lost, and often even more. Some of the most popular fad diets in recent years have been low-carbohydrate programs, which work by making the body produce ketones. Ketones are normal and efficient source of energy for the human body. When the intake of carbohydrates is severely restricted, body fats are broken down into fatty acids that can be used as fuel. The fatty acids may be incompletely metabolized, yielding ketones. When your body is producing ketones, and using them as fuel, this is called ketosis. Most diets based on ketosis do not limit the consumption of protein, fat, or total calories. As a result, their fat content tends to be very high. Promoters claim that ketosis will lead to increased metabolism of unwanted fat, even if the calories are not reduced. This is not entirely true; calorie reduction is likely to occur because of the diet's lack of appealing foods. This is not conductive to forming sensible eating habits. The most widely used low-carbohydrate diet is the one advocated by the late Robert Atkins M.D, of New York City. Under the Atkins program, the dieter is permitted to eat unlimited amounts of non-carbohydrate foods "when hungry". The American Medical Association and many individual experts have warned that the unlimited intake of saturated fat under Atkins food plan can increase the dieter's risk of heart disease. In 2000, researchers at the University of Kentucky did a computer analysis of a week's worth of sample menus and reported several alarming findings: the diet contained 59% fat; it provided fewer servings of grains, vegetables, and fruits than recommended by most nutritionists, and while it can produce short-term weight loss, long-term use is likely to increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. The weight loss usually doesn't last, either. As ketosis begins, weight will be shed quickly, giving the misleading impression that significant fat reduction is taking place. In fact, most of the weight loss is water rather than fat; the lost water is regained quickly when a normal diet is resumed. Appetite, which is often reduced during ketosis, also returns. Atkins advocated his diet for more than 30 years and claimed that more than 60,000 patients treated at his centre had used his diet as their primary protocol for losing weight. Yet he never published any study in which people who used this program were monitored over a period of several years. Besides the dubiousness of its effects in the long term, the Atkins diet shares another shortcoming of all fad diets: inflexibility. People are different, with different health problems and genetic characteristics, and no single diet is right for everyone. An additional downside to the recent craze for low-carbohydrate diets is that it has encouraged food companies to market low-carbohydrate foods for people who want to "watch their carbs". Most of these foods are much higher in fat than the foods they are designed to replace. "Low-carb” advertising is encouraging both dieters and non-dieters to eat high-fat foods, which is exactly the opposite of medical and nutrition authorities have been arguing for decades. Following a low-carbohydrate diet under medical supervision may make sense for some people, but a population-wide increase in fat consumption would be a public health disasterIt can be inferred that the author’s biggest objection to Atkins diet is that ______
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsDiet and ExerciseMany people seem to believe that there is a magic diet formula that will guarantee weight loss. This is a fallacy. Most fad diet, if followed conscientiously, will result in weight loss due to the reduction in calories. However, they are nearly always too monotonous and sometimes too unhealthy to be followed in the long term. Worse, fad dieters who don't become physically active and learn to eat sensibly will eventually regain the weight they lost, and often even more. Some of the most popular fad diets in recent years have been low-carbohydrate programs, which work by making the body produce ketones. Ketones are normal and efficient source of energy for the human body. When the intake of carbohydrates is severely restricted, body fats are broken down into fatty acids that can be used as fuel. The fatty acids may be incompletely metabolized, yielding ketones. When your body is producing ketones, and using them as fuel, this is called ketosis. Most diets based on ketosis do not limit the consumption of protein, fat, or total calories. As a result, their fat content tends to be very high. Promoters claim that ketosis will lead to increased metabolism of unwanted fat, even if the calories are not reduced. This is not entirely true; calorie reduction is likely to occur because of the diet's lack of appealing foods. This is not conductive to forming sensible eating habits. The most widely used low-carbohydrate diet is the one advocated by the late Robert Atkins M.D, of New York City. Under the Atkins program, the dieter is permitted to eat unlimited amounts of non-carbohydrate foods "when hungry". The American Medical Association and many individual experts have warned that the unlimited intake of saturated fat under Atkins food plan can increase the dieter's risk of heart disease. In 2000, researchers at the University of Kentucky did a computer analysis of a week's worth of sample menus and reported several alarming findings: the diet contained 59% fat; it provided fewer servings of grains, vegetables, and fruits than recommended by most nutritionists, and while it can produce short-term weight loss, long-term use is likely to increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. The weight loss usually doesn't last, either. As ketosis begins, weight will be shed quickly, giving the misleading impression that significant fat reduction is taking place. In fact, most of the weight loss is water rather than fat; the lost water is regained quickly when a normal diet is resumed. Appetite, which is often reduced during ketosis, also returns. Atkins advocated his diet for more than 30 years and claimed that more than 60,000 patients treated at his centre had used his diet as their primary protocol for losing weight. Yet he never published any study in which people who used this program were monitored over a period of several years. Besides the dubiousness of its effects in the long term, the Atkins diet shares another shortcoming of all fad diets: inflexibility. People are different, with different health problems and genetic characteristics, and no single diet is right for everyone. An additional downside to the recent craze for low-carbohydrate diets is that it has encouraged food companies to market low-carbohydrate foods for people who want to "watch their carbs". Most of these foods are much higher in fat than the foods they are designed to replace. "Low-carb” advertising is encouraging both dieters and non-dieters to eat high-fat foods, which is exactly the opposite of medical and nutrition authorities have been arguing for decades. Following a low-carbohydrate diet under medical supervision may make sense for some people, but a population-wide increase in fat consumption would be a public health disasterThe phrase is not conductive to in paragraph 2 is closest meaning to ______
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsDiet and ExerciseMany people seem to believe that there is a magic diet formula that will guarantee weight loss. This is a fallacy. Most fad diet, if followed conscientiously, will result in weight loss due to the reduction in calories. However, they are nearly always too monotonous and sometimes too unhealthy to be followed in the long term. Worse, fad dieters who don't become physically active and learn to eat sensibly will eventually regain the weight they lost, and often even more. Some of the most popular fad diets in recent years have been low-carbohydrate programs, which work by making the body produce ketones. Ketones are normal and efficient source of energy for the human body. When the intake of carbohydrates is severely restricted, body fats are broken down into fatty acids that can be used as fuel. The fatty acids may be incompletely metabolized, yielding ketones. When your body is producing ketones, and using them as fuel, this is called ketosis. Most diets based on ketosis do not limit the consumption of protein, fat, or total calories. As a result, their fat content tends to be very high. Promoters claim that ketosis will lead to increased metabolism of unwanted fat, even if the calories are not reduced. This is not entirely true; calorie reduction is likely to occur because of the diet's lack of appealing foods. This is not conductive to forming sensible eating habits. The most widely used low-carbohydrate diet is the one advocated by the late Robert Atkins M.D, of New York City. Under the Atkins program, the dieter is permitted to eat unlimited amounts of non-carbohydrate foods "when hungry". The American Medical Association and many individual experts have warned that the unlimited intake of saturated fat under Atkins food plan can increase the dieter's risk of heart disease. In 2000, researchers at the University of Kentucky did a computer analysis of a week's worth of sample menus and reported several alarming findings: the diet contained 59% fat; it provided fewer servings of grains, vegetables, and fruits than recommended by most nutritionists, and while it can produce short-term weight loss, long-term use is likely to increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. The weight loss usually doesn't last, either. As ketosis begins, weight will be shed quickly, giving the misleading impression that significant fat reduction is taking place. In fact, most of the weight loss is water rather than fat; the lost water is regained quickly when a normal diet is resumed. Appetite, which is often reduced during ketosis, also returns. Atkins advocated his diet for more than 30 years and claimed that more than 60,000 patients treated at his centre had used his diet as their primary protocol for losing weight. Yet he never published any study in which people who used this program were monitored over a period of several years. Besides the dubiousness of its effects in the long term, the Atkins diet shares another shortcoming of all fad diets: inflexibility. People are different, with different health problems and genetic characteristics, and no single diet is right for everyone. An additional downside to the recent craze for low-carbohydrate diets is that it has encouraged food companies to market low-carbohydrate foods for people who want to "watch their carbs". Most of these foods are much higher in fat than the foods they are designed to replace. "Low-carb” advertising is encouraging both dieters and non-dieters to eat high-fat foods, which is exactly the opposite of medical and nutrition authorities have been arguing for decades. Following a low-carbohydrate diet under medical supervision may make sense for some people, but a population-wide increase in fat consumption would be a public health disasterThe word conscientiously in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by ______
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsDiet and ExerciseMany people seem to believe that there is a magic diet formula that will guarantee weight loss. This is a fallacy. Most fad diet, if followed conscientiously, will result in weight loss due to the reduction in calories. However, they are nearly always too monotonous and sometimes too unhealthy to be followed in the long term. Worse, fad dieters who don't become physically active and learn to eat sensibly will eventually regain the weight they lost, and often even more. Some of the most popular fad diets in recent years have been low-carbohydrate programs, which work by making the body produce ketones. Ketones are normal and efficient source of energy for the human body. When the intake of carbohydrates is severely restricted, body fats are broken down into fatty acids that can be used as fuel. The fatty acids may be incompletely metabolized, yielding ketones. When your body is producing ketones, and using them as fuel, this is called ketosis. Most diets based on ketosis do not limit the consumption of protein, fat, or total calories. As a result, their fat content tends to be very high. Promoters claim that ketosis will lead to increased metabolism of unwanted fat, even if the calories are not reduced. This is not entirely true; calorie reduction is likely to occur because of the diet's lack of appealing foods. This is not conductive to forming sensible eating habits. The most widely used low-carbohydrate diet is the one advocated by the late Robert Atkins M.D, of New York City. Under the Atkins program, the dieter is permitted to eat unlimited amounts of non-carbohydrate foods "when hungry". The American Medical Association and many individual experts have warned that the unlimited intake of saturated fat under Atkins food plan can increase the dieter's risk of heart disease. In 2000, researchers at the University of Kentucky did a computer analysis of a week's worth of sample menus and reported several alarming findings: the diet contained 59% fat; it provided fewer servings of grains, vegetables, and fruits than recommended by most nutritionists, and while it can produce short-term weight loss, long-term use is likely to increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. The weight loss usually doesn't last, either. As ketosis begins, weight will be shed quickly, giving the misleading impression that significant fat reduction is taking place. In fact, most of the weight loss is water rather than fat; the lost water is regained quickly when a normal diet is resumed. Appetite, which is often reduced during ketosis, also returns. Atkins advocated his diet for more than 30 years and claimed that more than 60,000 patients treated at his centre had used his diet as their primary protocol for losing weight. Yet he never published any study in which people who used this program were monitored over a period of several years. Besides the dubiousness of its effects in the long term, the Atkins diet shares another shortcoming of all fad diets: inflexibility. People are different, with different health problems and genetic characteristics, and no single diet is right for everyone. An additional downside to the recent craze for low-carbohydrate diets is that it has encouraged food companies to market low-carbohydrate foods for people who want to "watch their carbs". Most of these foods are much higher in fat than the foods they are designed to replace. "Low-carb” advertising is encouraging both dieters and non-dieters to eat high-fat foods, which is exactly the opposite of medical and nutrition authorities have been arguing for decades. Following a low-carbohydrate diet under medical supervision may make sense for some people, but a population-wide increase in fat consumption would be a public health disasterAccording to the passage , which of the following is true of the Atkins diet?
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below. By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry duringthis period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.According to the passage, the Mississippi River was
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsDiet and ExerciseMany people seem to believe that there is a magic diet formula that will guarantee weight loss. This is a fallacy. Most fad diet, if followed conscientiously, will result in weight loss due to the reduction in calories. However, they are nearly always too monotonous and sometimes too unhealthy to be followed in the long term. Worse, fad dieters who don't become physically active and learn to eat sensibly will eventually regain the weight they lost, and often even more. Some of the most popular fad diets in recent years have been low-carbohydrate programs, which work by making the body produce ketones. Ketones are normal and efficient source of energy for the human body. When the intake of carbohydrates is severely restricted, body fats are broken down into fatty acids that can be used as fuel. The fatty acids may be incompletely metabolized, yielding ketones. When your body is producing ketones, and using them as fuel, this is called ketosis. Most diets based on ketosis do not limit the consumption of protein, fat, or total calories. As a result, their fat content tends to be very high. Promoters claim that ketosis will lead to increased metabolism of unwanted fat, even if the calories are not reduced. This is not entirely true; calorie reduction is likely to occur because of the diet's lack of appealing foods. This is not conductive to forming sensible eating habits. The most widely used low-carbohydrate diet is the one advocated by the late Robert Atkins M.D, of New York City. Under the Atkins program, the dieter is permitted to eat unlimited amounts of non-carbohydrate foods "when hungry". The American Medical Association and many individual experts have warned that the unlimited intake of saturated fat under Atkins food plan can increase the dieter's risk of heart disease. In 2000, researchers at the University of Kentucky did a computer analysis of a week's worth of sample menus and reported several alarming findings: the diet contained 59% fat; it provided fewer servings of grains, vegetables, and fruits than recommended by most nutritionists, and while it can produce short-term weight loss, long-term use is likely to increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. The weight loss usually doesn't last, either. As ketosis begins, weight will be shed quickly, giving the misleading impression that significant fat reduction is taking place. In fact, most of the weight loss is water rather than fat; the lost water is regained quickly when a normal diet is resumed. Appetite, which is often reduced during ketosis, also returns. Atkins advocated his diet for more than 30 years and claimed that more than 60,000 patients treated at his centre had used his diet as their primary protocol for losing weight. Yet he never published any study in which people who used this program were monitored over a period of several years. Besides the dubiousness of its effects in the long term, the Atkins diet shares another shortcoming of all fad diets: inflexibility. People are different, with different health problems and genetic characteristics, and no single diet is right for everyone. An additional downside to the recent craze for low-carbohydrate diets is that it has encouraged food companies to market low-carbohydrate foods for people who want to "watch their carbs". Most of these foods are much higher in fat than the foods they are designed to replace. "Low-carb” advertising is encouraging both dieters and non-dieters to eat high-fat foods, which is exactly the opposite of medical and nutrition authorities have been arguing for decades. Following a low-carbohydrate diet under medical supervision may make sense for some people, but a population-wide increase in fat consumption would be a public health disasterThe word their in paragraph 2 refers to_____
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below. By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry duringthis period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.The word "unprecedented" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsDiet and ExerciseMany people seem to believe that there is a magic diet formula that will guarantee weight loss. This is a fallacy. Most fad diet, if followed conscientiously, will result in weight loss due to the reduction in calories. However, they are nearly always too monotonous and sometimes too unhealthy to be followed in the long term. Worse, fad dieters who don't become physically active and learn to eat sensibly will eventually regain the weight they lost, and often even more. Some of the most popular fad diets in recent years have been low-carbohydrate programs, which work by making the body produce ketones. Ketones are normal and efficient source of energy for the human body. When the intake of carbohydrates is severely restricted, body fats are broken down into fatty acids that can be used as fuel. The fatty acids may be incompletely metabolized, yielding ketones. When your body is producing ketones, and using them as fuel, this is called ketosis. Most diets based on ketosis do not limit the consumption of protein, fat, or total calories. As a result, their fat content tends to be very high. Promoters claim that ketosis will lead to increased metabolism of unwanted fat, even if the calories are not reduced. This is not entirely true; calorie reduction is likely to occur because of the diet's lack of appealing foods. This is not conductive to forming sensible eating habits. The most widely used low-carbohydrate diet is the one advocated by the late Robert Atkins M.D, of New York City. Under the Atkins program, the dieter is permitted to eat unlimited amounts of non-carbohydrate foods "when hungry". The American Medical Association and many individual experts have warned that the unlimited intake of saturated fat under Atkins food plan can increase the dieter's risk of heart disease. In 2000, researchers at the University of Kentucky did a computer analysis of a week's worth of sample menus and reported several alarming findings: the diet contained 59% fat; it provided fewer servings of grains, vegetables, and fruits than recommended by most nutritionists, and while it can produce short-term weight loss, long-term use is likely to increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. The weight loss usually doesn't last, either. As ketosis begins, weight will be shed quickly, giving the misleading impression that significant fat reduction is taking place. In fact, most of the weight loss is water rather than fat; the lost water is regained quickly when a normal diet is resumed. Appetite, which is often reduced during ketosis, also returns. Atkins advocated his diet for more than 30 years and claimed that more than 60,000 patients treated at his centre had used his diet as their primary protocol for losing weight. Yet he never published any study in which people who used this program were monitored over a period of several years. Besides the dubiousness of its effects in the long term, the Atkins diet shares another shortcoming of all fad diets: inflexibility. People are different, with different health problems and genetic characteristics, and no single diet is right for everyone. An additional downside to the recent craze for low-carbohydrate diets is that it has encouraged food companies to market low-carbohydrate foods for people who want to "watch their carbs". Most of these foods are much higher in fat than the foods they are designed to replace. "Low-carb” advertising is encouraging both dieters and non-dieters to eat high-fat foods, which is exactly the opposite of medical and nutrition authorities have been arguing for decades. Following a low-carbohydrate diet under medical supervision may make sense for some people, but a population-wide increase in fat consumption would be a public health disasterWhich of the following is an effect of ketosis?
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below. By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry duringthis period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.The author mentions "wheat and wheat flour" in line 17 in order to
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsDiet and ExerciseMany people seem to believe that there is a magic diet formula that will guarantee weight loss. This is a fallacy. Most fad diet, if followed conscientiously, will result in weight loss due to the reduction in calories. However, they are nearly always too monotonous and sometimes too unhealthy to be followed in the long term. Worse, fad dieters who don't become physically active and learn to eat sensibly will eventually regain the weight they lost, and often even more. Some of the most popular fad diets in recent years have been low-carbohydrate programs, which work by making the body produce ketones. Ketones are normal and efficient source of energy for the human body. When the intake of carbohydrates is severely restricted, body fats are broken down into fatty acids that can be used as fuel. The fatty acids may be incompletely metabolized, yielding ketones. When your body is producing ketones, and using them as fuel, this is called ketosis. Most diets based on ketosis do not limit the consumption of protein, fat, or total calories. As a result, their fat content tends to be very high. Promoters claim that ketosis will lead to increased metabolism of unwanted fat, even if the calories are not reduced. This is not entirely true; calorie reduction is likely to occur because of the diet's lack of appealing foods. This is not conductive to forming sensible eating habits. The most widely used low-carbohydrate diet is the one advocated by the late Robert Atkins M.D, of New York City. Under the Atkins program, the dieter is permitted to eat unlimited amounts of non-carbohydrate foods "when hungry". The American Medical Association and many individual experts have warned that the unlimited intake of saturated fat under Atkins food plan can increase the dieter's risk of heart disease. In 2000, researchers at the University of Kentucky did a computer analysis of a week's worth of sample menus and reported several alarming findings: the diet contained 59% fat; it provided fewer servings of grains, vegetables, and fruits than recommended by most nutritionists, and while it can produce short-term weight loss, long-term use is likely to increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. The weight loss usually doesn't last, either. As ketosis begins, weight will be shed quickly, giving the misleading impression that significant fat reduction is taking place. In fact, most of the weight loss is water rather than fat; the lost water is regained quickly when a normal diet is resumed. Appetite, which is often reduced during ketosis, also returns. Atkins advocated his diet for more than 30 years and claimed that more than 60,000 patients treated at his centre had used his diet as their primary protocol for losing weight. Yet he never published any study in which people who used this program were monitored over a period of several years. Besides the dubiousness of its effects in the long term, the Atkins diet shares another shortcoming of all fad diets: inflexibility. People are different, with different health problems and genetic characteristics, and no single diet is right for everyone. An additional downside to the recent craze for low-carbohydrate diets is that it has encouraged food companies to market low-carbohydrate foods for people who want to "watch their carbs". Most of these foods are much higher in fat than the foods they are designed to replace. "Low-carb” advertising is encouraging both dieters and non-dieters to eat high-fat foods, which is exactly the opposite of medical and nutrition authorities have been arguing for decades. Following a low-carbohydrate diet under medical supervision may make sense for some people, but a population-wide increase in fat consumption would be a public health disasterIt can be inferred from the passage that the author thinks fad diets in general ______
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below. By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry duringthis period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.The word "surge" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below. By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry duringthis period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsDiet and ExerciseMany people seem to believe that there is a magic diet formula that will guarantee weight loss. This is a fallacy. Most fad diet, if followed conscientiously, will result in weight loss due to the reduction in calories. However, they are nearly always too monotonous and sometimes too unhealthy to be followed in the long term. Worse, fad dieters who don't become physically active and learn to eat sensibly will eventually regain the weight they lost, and often even more. Some of the most popular fad diets in recent years have been low-carbohydrate programs, which work by making the body produce ketones. Ketones are normal and efficient source of energy for the human body. When the intake of carbohydrates is severely restricted, body fats are broken down into fatty acids that can be used as fuel. The fatty acids may be incompletely metabolized, yielding ketones. When your body is producing ketones, and using them as fuel, this is called ketosis. Most diets based on ketosis do not limit the consumption of protein, fat, or total calories. As a result, their fat content tends to be very high. Promoters claim that ketosis will lead to increased metabolism of unwanted fat, even if the calories are not reduced. This is not entirely true; calorie reduction is likely to occur because of the diet's lack of appealing foods. This is not conductive to forming sensible eating habits. The most widely used low-carbohydrate diet is the one advocated by the late Robert Atkins M.D, of New York City. Under the Atkins program, the dieter is permitted to eat unlimited amounts of non-carbohydrate foods "when hungry". The American Medical Association and many individual experts have warned that the unlimited intake of saturated fat under Atkins food plan can increase the dieter's risk of heart disease. In 2000, researchers at the University of Kentucky did a computer analysis of a week's worth of sample menus and reported several alarming findings: the diet contained 59% fat; it provided fewer servings of grains, vegetables, and fruits than recommended by most nutritionists, and while it can produce short-term weight loss, long-term use is likely to increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. The weight loss usually doesn't last, either. As ketosis begins, weight will be shed quickly, giving the misleading impression that significant fat reduction is taking place. In fact, most of the weight loss is water rather than fat; the lost water is regained quickly when a normal diet is resumed. Appetite, which is often reduced during ketosis, also returns. Atkins advocated his diet for more than 30 years and claimed that more than 60,000 patients treated at his centre had used his diet as their primary protocol for losing weight. Yet he never published any study in which people who used this program were monitored over a period of several years. Besides the dubiousness of its effects in the long term, the Atkins diet shares another shortcoming of all fad diets: inflexibility. People are different, with different health problems and genetic characteristics, and no single diet is right for everyone. An additional downside to the recent craze for low-carbohydrate diets is that it has encouraged food companies to market low-carbohydrate foods for people who want to "watch their carbs". Most of these foods are much higher in fat than the foods they are designed to replace. "Low-carb” advertising is encouraging both dieters and non-dieters to eat high-fat foods, which is exactly the opposite of medical and nutrition authorities have been arguing for decades. Following a low-carbohydrate diet under medical supervision may make sense for some people, but a population-wide increase in fat consumption would be a public health disasterWhat is the topic of the passage?
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on you answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsWhen jazz began to lose its reputation as “low-down” music and to gain well-deserved acclaim among intellectuals, musicians began to feature many instruments previously considered inappropriate for jazz. Whereas before the 1950s, jazz musicians played only eight basic instruments in strict tempo, in this decade they started to improvise on the flute, electric organ, piccolo, accordion, cello, and even bagpipes, with the rhythm section composed for strings or piano. Big bands no longer dominated jazz, and most changes emerged from small combos, such as the Dave Brubeck Quartet and the Gerry Mulligan Quartet. The Gerry Mulligan Quartet proved that a small, modern band could sound complete without a piano; the rhythm section consisted only of a set of drums and a string bass.Jazz continued to move in new directions during the 1960s. Saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman led a quartet playing “free” jazz that was atonal. Pianist Cecil Taylor also conducted similar experiments with music, and John Coltrane included melodies from India in his compositions. In the 1970s, musicians blended jazz and rock music into fusion jazz which combined the melodies and the improvisations of jazz with the rhythmic qualities of rock ‘n’ roll, with three or five beats to the bar and in other meter. The form of jazz music was greatly affected by electric instruments and electronic implements to intensify, distort, or amplify their sounds. However, the younger musicians of the time felt compelled to include a steady, swinging rhythm which they saw as a permanent and essential element in great jazz.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below. By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry duringthis period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.According to the passage, one advantage of sea island cotton was its
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on you answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsWhen jazz began to lose its reputation as “low-down” music and to gain well-deserved acclaim among intellectuals, musicians began to feature many instruments previously considered inappropriate for jazz. Whereas before the 1950s, jazz musicians played only eight basic instruments in strict tempo, in this decade they started to improvise on the flute, electric organ, piccolo, accordion, cello, and even bagpipes, with the rhythm section composed for strings or piano. Big bands no longer dominated jazz, and most changes emerged from small combos, such as the Dave Brubeck Quartet and the Gerry Mulligan Quartet. The Gerry Mulligan Quartet proved that a small, modern band could sound complete without a piano; the rhythm section consisted only of a set of drums and a string bass.Jazz continued to move in new directions during the 1960s. Saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman led a quartet playing “free” jazz that was atonal. Pianist Cecil Taylor also conducted similar experiments with music, and John Coltrane included melodies from India in his compositions. In the 1970s, musicians blended jazz and rock music into fusion jazz which combined the melodies and the improvisations of jazz with the rhythmic qualities of rock ‘n’ roll, with three or five beats to the bar and in other meter. The form of jazz music was greatly affected by electric instruments and electronic implements to intensify, distort, or amplify their sounds. However, the younger musicians of the time felt compelled to include a steady, swinging rhythm which they saw as a permanent and essential element in great jazz.According to the passage, the changes in jazz music in the 1970s came from ______
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below. By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry duringthis period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.The word "laborious" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below. By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry duringthis period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below. By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry duringthis period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.The word "favored" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on you answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsWhen jazz began to lose its reputation as “low-down” music and to gain well-deserved acclaim among intellectuals, musicians began to feature many instruments previously considered inappropriate for jazz. Whereas before the 1950s, jazz musicians played only eight basic instruments in strict tempo, in this decade they started to improvise on the flute, electric organ, piccolo, accordion, cello, and even bagpipes, with the rhythm section composed for strings or piano. Big bands no longer dominated jazz, and most changes emerged from small combos, such as the Dave Brubeck Quartet and the Gerry Mulligan Quartet. The Gerry Mulligan Quartet proved that a small, modern band could sound complete without a piano; the rhythm section consisted only of a set of drums and a string bass.Jazz continued to move in new directions during the 1960s. Saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman led a quartet playing “free” jazz that was atonal. Pianist Cecil Taylor also conducted similar experiments with music, and John Coltrane included melodies from India in his compositions. In the 1970s, musicians blended jazz and rock music into fusion jazz which combined the melodies and the improvisations of jazz with the rhythmic qualities of rock ‘n’ roll, with three or five beats to the bar and in other meter. The form of jazz music was greatly affected by electric instruments and electronic implements to intensify, distort, or amplify their sounds. However, the younger musicians of the time felt compelled to include a steady, swinging rhythm which they saw as a permanent and essential element in great jazz.The passage implies that representative jazz musicians_____
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below. By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry duringthis period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker couldhand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent sharein 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on you answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsWhen jazz began to lose its reputation as “low-down” music and to gain well-deserved acclaim among intellectuals, musicians began to feature many instruments previously considered inappropriate for jazz. Whereas before the 1950s, jazz musicians played only eight basic instruments in strict tempo, in this decade they started to improvise on the flute, electric organ, piccolo, accordion, cello, and even bagpipes, with the rhythm section composed for strings or piano. Big bands no longer dominated jazz, and most changes emerged from small combos, such as the Dave Brubeck Quartet and the Gerry Mulligan Quartet. The Gerry Mulligan Quartet proved that a small, modern band could sound complete without a piano; the rhythm section consisted only of a set of drums and a string bass.Jazz continued to move in new directions during the 1960s. Saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman led a quartet playing “free” jazz that was atonal. Pianist Cecil Taylor also conducted similar experiments with music, and John Coltrane included melodies from India in his compositions. In the 1970s, musicians blended jazz and rock music into fusion jazz which combined the melodies and the improvisations of jazz with the rhythmic qualities of rock ‘n’ roll, with three or five beats to the bar and in other meter. The form of jazz music was greatly affected by electric instruments and electronic implements to intensify, distort, or amplify their sounds. However, the younger musicians of the time felt compelled to include a steady, swinging rhythm which they saw as a permanent and essential element in great jazz.The author believes that the developments in jazz described in the passage ______
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.According to the passage, it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species’ survival?
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.The word “demise” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.The word “finding” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.Why is “ plankton” mentioned in line 15?
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological change?
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth’s history
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.The word “ultimately” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question below.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.The word “it” in line 2 refers to
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on you answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsWhen jazz began to lose its reputation as “low-down” music and to gain well-deserved acclaim among intellectuals, musicians began to feature many instruments previously considered inappropriate for jazz. Whereas before the 1950s, jazz musicians played only eight basic instruments in strict tempo, in this decade they started to improvise on the flute, electric organ, piccolo, accordion, cello, and even bagpipes, with the rhythm section composed for strings or piano. Big bands no longer dominated jazz, and most changes emerged from small combos, such as the Dave Brubeck Quartet and the Gerry Mulligan Quartet. The Gerry Mulligan Quartet proved that a small, modern band could sound complete without a piano; the rhythm section consisted only of a set of drums and a string bass.Jazz continued to move in new directions during the 1960s. Saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman led a quartet playing “free” jazz that was atonal. Pianist Cecil Taylor also conducted similar experiments with music, and John Coltrane included melodies from India in his compositions. In the 1970s, musicians blended jazz and rock music into fusion jazz which combined the melodies and the improvisations of jazz with the rhythmic qualities of rock ‘n’ roll, with three or five beats to the bar and in other meter. The form of jazz music was greatly affected by electric instruments and electronic implements to intensify, distort, or amplify their sounds. However, the younger musicians of the time felt compelled to include a steady, swinging rhythm which they saw as a permanent and essential element in great jazz.It can be inferred from the passage that small jazz bands ______
Read the passage and choose the best answer among A,B,C,D for each gap to complete it. Fill in the appropriate word in question 44 Most people feel that when they dream, they are (35)________ off to another world. On the (36)________, dreams are often connected to our daily lives. When our whole (37)_________ is filled with something, when we are either very upset (38)________ when we are in good spirit, a dream will represent this reality in symbols. It is often (39)_______ that we benefit from dreams because they help the spirit to heal itself when things (40)__________ wrong. Dreams are therefore a kind of escape, almost a holiday from (41)__________ life, with its fears and responsibilities. It is, however, a strange kind of holiday because whether we have a wonderful time or whether it turns (42)_________ to be a nightmare, we quickly forget it. Most dreams disappear forever, (43)_________ you are one of those people disciplined enough to write them down as soon as you (44)_________.
Read the passage and choose the best answer among A,B,C,D for each gap to complete it. Fill in the appropriate word in question 43 Most people feel that when they dream, they are (35)________ off to another world. On the (36)________, dreams are often connected to our daily lives. When our whole (37)_________ is filled with something, when we are either very upset (38)________ when we are in good spirit, a dream will represent this reality in symbols. It is often (39)_______ that we benefit from dreams because they help the spirit to heal itself when things (40)__________ wrong. Dreams are therefore a kind of escape, almost a holiday from (41)__________ life, with its fears and responsibilities. It is, however, a strange kind of holiday because whether we have a wonderful time or whether it turns (42)_________ to be a nightmare, we quickly forget it. Most dreams disappear forever, (43)_________ you are one of those people disciplined enough to write them down as soon as you (44)_________.
Read the passage and choose the best answer among A,B,C,D for each gap to complete it. Fill in the appropriate word in question 42 Most people feel that when they dream, they are (35)________ off to another world. On the (36)________, dreams are often connected to our daily lives. When our whole (37)_________ is filled with something, when we are either very upset (38)________ when we are in good spirit, a dream will represent this reality in symbols. It is often (39)_______ that we benefit from dreams because they help the spirit to heal itself when things (40)__________ wrong. Dreams are therefore a kind of escape, almost a holiday from (41)__________ life, with its fears and responsibilities. It is, however, a strange kind of holiday because whether we have a wonderful time or whether it turns (42)_________ to be a nightmare, we quickly forget it. Most dreams disappear forever, (43)_________ you are one of those people disciplined enough to write them down as soon as you (44)_________.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on you answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsWhen jazz began to lose its reputation as “low-down” music and to gain well-deserved acclaim among intellectuals, musicians began to feature many instruments previously considered inappropriate for jazz. Whereas before the 1950s, jazz musicians played only eight basic instruments in strict tempo, in this decade they started to improvise on the flute, electric organ, piccolo, accordion, cello, and even bagpipes, with the rhythm section composed for strings or piano. Big bands no longer dominated jazz, and most changes emerged from small combos, such as the Dave Brubeck Quartet and the Gerry Mulligan Quartet. The Gerry Mulligan Quartet proved that a small, modern band could sound complete without a piano; the rhythm section consisted only of a set of drums and a string bass.Jazz continued to move in new directions during the 1960s. Saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman led a quartet playing “free” jazz that was atonal. Pianist Cecil Taylor also conducted similar experiments with music, and John Coltrane included melodies from India in his compositions. In the 1970s, musicians blended jazz and rock music into fusion jazz which combined the melodies and the improvisations of jazz with the rhythmic qualities of rock ‘n’ roll, with three or five beats to the bar and in other meter. The form of jazz music was greatly affected by electric instruments and electronic implements to intensify, distort, or amplify their sounds. However, the younger musicians of the time felt compelled to include a steady, swinging rhythm which they saw as a permanent and essential element in great jazz.The author of the passage mentions all of the following EXCEPT _______
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on you answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questionsWhen jazz began to lose its reputation as “low-down” music and to gain well-deserved acclaim among intellectuals, musicians began to feature many instruments previously considered inappropriate for jazz. Whereas before the 1950s, jazz musicians played only eight basic instruments in strict tempo, in this decade they started to improvise on the flute, electric organ, piccolo, accordion, cello, and even bagpipes, with the rhythm section composed for strings or piano. Big bands no longer dominated jazz, and most changes emerged from small combos, such as the Dave Brubeck Quartet and the Gerry Mulligan Quartet. The Gerry Mulligan Quartet proved that a small, modern band could sound complete without a piano; the rhythm section consisted only of a set of drums and a string bass.Jazz continued to move in new directions during the 1960s. Saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman led a quartet playing “free” jazz that was atonal. Pianist Cecil Taylor also conducted similar experiments with music, and John Coltrane included melodies from India in his compositions. In the 1970s, musicians blended jazz and rock music into fusion jazz which combined the melodies and the improvisations of jazz with the rhythmic qualities of rock ‘n’ roll, with three or five beats to the bar and in other meter. The form of jazz music was greatly affected by electric instruments and electronic implements to intensify, distort, or amplify their sounds. However, the younger musicians of the time felt compelled to include a steady, swinging rhythm which they saw as a permanent and essential element in great jazz.The author of the passage implies that in the 1950s, jazz musicians _______