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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions
A considerable body of research has demonstrated a correlation between birth order and aspects such as temperament and behavior, and some psychologists believe that birth order significantly affects the development of personality. Psychologist Alfred Adler was a pioneer in the study of the relationship between birth order and personality. A key point in his research and in the hypothesis that he developed based on it was that it was not the actual numerical birth position that affected personality; instead, it was the similar responses in large numbers of families to children in specific birth order positions that had an effect. For example, first-borns, who have their parents to themselves initially and do not have to deal with siblings in the first part of their lives, tend to have their first socialization experiences with adults and therefore tend to find the process of peer socialization more difficult. In contrast, later-born children have to deal with siblings from the first moment of their lives and therefore tend to have stronger socialization skills.
Numerous studies since Adler’s have been conducted on the effect of birth order and personality. These studies have tended to classify birth order types into four different categories: first-born, second-born and/or middle, last, and only child.
Studies have consistently shown that first-born children tend to exhibit similar, positive and negative personality traits. First-borns have consistently been linked with academic achievement in various studies; in one study, the number of National Merit scholarship winners who are first-borns was found to be equal to the number of second-and third-borns combined. First-borns have been found to be more responsible and assertive than those born in other birth-order positions and tend to rise to positions of leadership more often than others; more first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S. presidents than have those born in other birth-order positions. However, studies have shown that first-borns tend to be more subject to stress and were considered problem children more often than later-borns.
Second-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendencies from first-borns. They tend to feel inferior to the older child or children because it is difficult for them to comprehend that their lower level of achievement is a function of age rather than ability, and they often try to succeed in areas other than those in which their older sibling or siblings excel. They tend to be more trusting, accepting and focused on others than the more self-centered first-borns, and they tend to have a comparatively higher level of success in team sports than do first-borns or only children, who more often excel in individual sports.
The last-born child is the one who tends to be the eternal baby of the family and thus often exhibits a strong sense of security. Last-borns collectively achieve the highest degree of social success and demonstrate the highest levels of self-esteem of all the birth-order positions. They often exhibit less competitiveness than older brothers and sisters and are more likely to take part in less competitive group games or in social organizations such as sororities and fraternities.
Only children tend to exhibit some of the main characteristics of first-borns and some of the characteristics of last-borns. Only children tend to exhibit the strong sense of security and self-esteem exhibited by last-borns while, like first-borns, they are more achievement oriented and more likely than middle-or last-borns to achieve academic success. However, only children tend to have the most problems establishing close relationships and exhibit a lower need for affiliation than other children
Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the italic sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions
A considerable body of research has demonstrated a correlation between birth order and aspects such as temperament and behavior, and some psychologists believe that birth order significantly affects the development of personality. Psychologist Alfred Adler was a pioneer in the study of the relationship between birth order and personality. A key point in his research and in the hypothesis that he developed based on it was that it was not the actual numerical birth position that affected personality; instead, it was the similar responses in large numbers of families to children in specific birth order positions that had an effect. For example, first-borns, who have their parents to themselves initially and do not have to deal with siblings in the first part of their lives, tend to have their first socialization experiences with adults and therefore tend to find the process of peer socialization more difficult. In contrast, later-born children have to deal with siblings from the first moment of their lives and therefore tend to have stronger socialization skills.
Numerous studies since Adler’s have been conducted on the effect of birth order and personality. These studies have tended to classify birth order types into four different categories: first-born, second-born and/or middle, last, and only child.
Studies have consistently shown that first-born children tend to exhibit similar, positive and negative personality traits. First-borns have consistently been linked with academic achievement in various studies; in one study, the number of National Merit scholarship winners who are first-borns was found to be equal to the number of second-and third-borns combined. First-borns have been found to be more responsible and assertive than those born in other birth-order positions and tend to rise to positions of leadership more often than others; more first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S. presidents than have those born in other birth-order positions. However, studies have shown that first-borns tend to be more subject to stress and were considered problem children more often than later-borns.
Second-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendencies from first-borns. They tend to feel inferior to the older child or children because it is difficult for them to comprehend that their lower level of achievement is a function of age rather than ability, and they often try to succeed in areas other than those in which their older sibling or siblings excel. They tend to be more trusting, accepting and focused on others than the more self-centered first-borns, and they tend to have a comparatively higher level of success in team sports than do first-borns or only children, who more often excel in individual sports.
The last-born child is the one who tends to be the eternal baby of the family and thus often exhibits a strong sense of security. Last-borns collectively achieve the highest degree of social success and demonstrate the highest levels of self-esteem of all the birth-order positions. They often exhibit less competitiveness than older brothers and sisters and are more likely to take part in less competitive group games or in social organizations such as sororities and fraternities.
Only children tend to exhibit some of the main characteristics of first-borns and some of the characteristics of last-borns. Only children tend to exhibit the strong sense of security and self-esteem exhibited by last-borns while, like first-borns, they are more achievement oriented and more likely than middle-or last-borns to achieve academic success. However, only children tend to have the most problems establishing close relationships and exhibit a lower need for affiliation than other children
The word traits in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to x
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions
A considerable body of research has demonstrated a correlation between birth order and aspects such as temperament and behavior, and some psychologists believe that birth order significantly affects the development of personality. Psychologist Alfred Adler was a pioneer in the study of the relationship between birth order and personality. A key point in his research and in the hypothesis that he developed based on it was that it was not the actual numerical birth position that affected personality; instead, it was the similar responses in large numbers of families to children in specific birth order positions that had an effect. For example, first-borns, who have their parents to themselves initially and do not have to deal with siblings in the first part of their lives, tend to have their first socialization experiences with adults and therefore tend to find the process of peer socialization more difficult. In contrast, later-born children have to deal with siblings from the first moment of their lives and therefore tend to have stronger socialization skills.
Numerous studies since Adler’s have been conducted on the effect of birth order and personality. These studies have tended to classify birth order types into four different categories: first-born, second-born and/or middle, last, and only child.
Studies have consistently shown that first-born children tend to exhibit similar, positive and negative personality traits. First-borns have consistently been linked with academic achievement in various studies; in one study, the number of National Merit scholarship winners who are first-borns was found to be equal to the number of second-and third-borns combined. First-borns have been found to be more responsible and assertive than those born in other birth-order positions and tend to rise to positions of leadership more often than others; more first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S. presidents than have those born in other birth-order positions. However, studies have shown that first-borns tend to be more subject to stress and were considered problem children more often than later-borns.
Second-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendencies from first-borns. They tend to feel inferior to the older child or children because it is difficult for them to comprehend that their lower level of achievement is a function of age rather than ability, and they often try to succeed in areas other than those in which their older sibling or siblings excel. They tend to be more trusting, accepting and focused on others than the more self-centered first-borns, and they tend to have a comparatively higher level of success in team sports than do first-borns or only children, who more often excel in individual sports.
The last-born child is the one who tends to be the eternal baby of the family and thus often exhibits a strong sense of security. Last-borns collectively achieve the highest degree of social success and demonstrate the highest levels of self-esteem of all the birth-order positions. They often exhibit less competitiveness than older brothers and sisters and are more likely to take part in less competitive group games or in social organizations such as sororities and fraternities.
Only children tend to exhibit some of the main characteristics of first-borns and some of the characteristics of last-borns. Only children tend to exhibit the strong sense of security and self-esteem exhibited by last-borns while, like first-borns, they are more achievement oriented and more likely than middle-or last-borns to achieve academic success. However, only children tend to have the most problems establishing close relationships and exhibit a lower need for affiliation than other children
What is stated in paragraph 1 about Adler?
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions
A considerable body of research has demonstrated a correlation between birth order and aspects such as temperament and behavior, and some psychologists believe that birth order significantly affects the development of personality. Psychologist Alfred Adler was a pioneer in the study of the relationship between birth order and personality. A key point in his research and in the hypothesis that he developed based on it was that it was not the actual numerical birth position that affected personality; instead, it was the similar responses in large numbers of families to children in specific birth order positions that had an effect. For example, first-borns, who have their parents to themselves initially and do not have to deal with siblings in the first part of their lives, tend to have their first socialization experiences with adults and therefore tend to find the process of peer socialization more difficult. In contrast, later-born children have to deal with siblings from the first moment of their lives and therefore tend to have stronger socialization skills.
Numerous studies since Adler’s have been conducted on the effect of birth order and personality. These studies have tended to classify birth order types into four different categories: first-born, second-born and/or middle, last, and only child.
Studies have consistently shown that first-born children tend to exhibit similar, positive and negative personality traits. First-borns have consistently been linked with academic achievement in various studies; in one study, the number of National Merit scholarship winners who are first-borns was found to be equal to the number of second-and third-borns combined. First-borns have been found to be more responsible and assertive than those born in other birth-order positions and tend to rise to positions of leadership more often than others; more first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S. presidents than have those born in other birth-order positions. However, studies have shown that first-borns tend to be more subject to stress and were considered problem children more often than later-borns.
Second-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendencies from first-borns. They tend to feel inferior to the older child or children because it is difficult for them to comprehend that their lower level of achievement is a function of age rather than ability, and they often try to succeed in areas other than those in which their older sibling or siblings excel. They tend to be more trusting, accepting and focused on others than the more self-centered first-borns, and they tend to have a comparatively higher level of success in team sports than do first-borns or only children, who more often excel in individual sports.
The last-born child is the one who tends to be the eternal baby of the family and thus often exhibits a strong sense of security. Last-borns collectively achieve the highest degree of social success and demonstrate the highest levels of self-esteem of all the birth-order positions. They often exhibit less competitiveness than older brothers and sisters and are more likely to take part in less competitive group games or in social organizations such as sororities and fraternities.
Only children tend to exhibit some of the main characteristics of first-borns and some of the characteristics of last-borns. Only children tend to exhibit the strong sense of security and self-esteem exhibited by last-borns while, like first-borns, they are more achievement oriented and more likely than middle-or last-borns to achieve academic success. However, only children tend to have the most problems establishing close relationships and exhibit a lower need for affiliation than other children
The word it in paragraph 1 refers to x
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions
A considerable body of research has demonstrated a correlation between birth order and aspects such as temperament and behavior, and some psychologists believe that birth order significantly affects the development of personality. Psychologist Alfred Adler was a pioneer in the study of the relationship between birth order and personality. A key point in his research and in the hypothesis that he developed based on it was that it was not the actual numerical birth position that affected personality; instead, it was the similar responses in large numbers of families to children in specific birth order positions that had an effect. For example, first-borns, who have their parents to themselves initially and do not have to deal with siblings in the first part of their lives, tend to have their first socialization experiences with adults and therefore tend to find the process of peer socialization more difficult. In contrast, later-born children have to deal with siblings from the first moment of their lives and therefore tend to have stronger socialization skills.
Numerous studies since Adler’s have been conducted on the effect of birth order and personality. These studies have tended to classify birth order types into four different categories: first-born, second-born and/or middle, last, and only child.
Studies have consistently shown that first-born children tend to exhibit similar, positive and negative personality traits. First-borns have consistently been linked with academic achievement in various studies; in one study, the number of National Merit scholarship winners who are first-borns was found to be equal to the number of second-and third-borns combined. First-borns have been found to be more responsible and assertive than those born in other birth-order positions and tend to rise to positions of leadership more often than others; more first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S. presidents than have those born in other birth-order positions. However, studies have shown that first-borns tend to be more subject to stress and were considered problem children more often than later-borns.
Second-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendencies from first-borns. They tend to feel inferior to the older child or children because it is difficult for them to comprehend that their lower level of achievement is a function of age rather than ability, and they often try to succeed in areas other than those in which their older sibling or siblings excel. They tend to be more trusting, accepting and focused on others than the more self-centered first-borns, and they tend to have a comparatively higher level of success in team sports than do first-borns or only children, who more often excel in individual sports.
The last-born child is the one who tends to be the eternal baby of the family and thus often exhibits a strong sense of security. Last-borns collectively achieve the highest degree of social success and demonstrate the highest levels of self-esteem of all the birth-order positions. They often exhibit less competitiveness than older brothers and sisters and are more likely to take part in less competitive group games or in social organizations such as sororities and fraternities.
Only children tend to exhibit some of the main characteristics of first-borns and some of the characteristics of last-borns. Only children tend to exhibit the strong sense of security and self-esteem exhibited by last-borns while, like first-borns, they are more achievement oriented and more likely than middle-or last-borns to achieve academic success. However, only children tend to have the most problems establishing close relationships and exhibit a lower need for affiliation than other children
The word key in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by x
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions
A considerable body of research has demonstrated a correlation between birth order and aspects such as temperament and behavior, and some psychologists believe that birth order significantly affects the development of personality. Psychologist Alfred Adler was a pioneer in the study of the relationship between birth order and personality. A key point in his research and in the hypothesis that he developed based on it was that it was not the actual numerical birth position that affected personality; instead, it was the similar responses in large numbers of families to children in specific birth order positions that had an effect. For example, first-borns, who have their parents to themselves initially and do not have to deal with siblings in the first part of their lives, tend to have their first socialization experiences with adults and therefore tend to find the process of peer socialization more difficult. In contrast, later-born children have to deal with siblings from the first moment of their lives and therefore tend to have stronger socialization skills.
Numerous studies since Adler’s have been conducted on the effect of birth order and personality. These studies have tended to classify birth order types into four different categories: first-born, second-born and/or middle, last, and only child.
Studies have consistently shown that first-born children tend to exhibit similar, positive and negative personality traits. First-borns have consistently been linked with academic achievement in various studies; in one study, the number of National Merit scholarship winners who are first-borns was found to be equal to the number of second-and third-borns combined. First-borns have been found to be more responsible and assertive than those born in other birth-order positions and tend to rise to positions of leadership more often than others; more first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S. presidents than have those born in other birth-order positions. However, studies have shown that first-borns tend to be more subject to stress and were considered problem children more often than later-borns.
Second-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendencies from first-borns. They tend to feel inferior to the older child or children because it is difficult for them to comprehend that their lower level of achievement is a function of age rather than ability, and they often try to succeed in areas other than those in which their older sibling or siblings excel. They tend to be more trusting, accepting and focused on others than the more self-centered first-borns, and they tend to have a comparatively higher level of success in team sports than do first-borns or only children, who more often excel in individual sports.
The last-born child is the one who tends to be the eternal baby of the family and thus often exhibits a strong sense of security. Last-borns collectively achieve the highest degree of social success and demonstrate the highest levels of self-esteem of all the birth-order positions. They often exhibit less competitiveness than older brothers and sisters and are more likely to take part in less competitive group games or in social organizations such as sororities and fraternities.
Only children tend to exhibit some of the main characteristics of first-borns and some of the characteristics of last-borns. Only children tend to exhibit the strong sense of security and self-esteem exhibited by last-borns while, like first-borns, they are more achievement oriented and more likely than middle-or last-borns to achieve academic success. However, only children tend to have the most problems establishing close relationships and exhibit a lower need for affiliation than other children
The word body in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by x
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 34 to 38.
Televisions has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world. In the United States , where sociologists have studied the effects , some interesting observations have been made. TV, although not essential , has become a(n) (34)_________part of most people’s lives. It has become a baby-sitter an initiator of (35)_________of program does not elevate people into greater (36)_________, but rather maintains and encourages the status quo. The (37)_________reason for the lack of quality in American TV is related to both the history of TV development and the economics of TV. TV in American began with the radio. Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with TV. Therefore , the close relationship, (38)_________the advertisers had with radio programs , but many actually produced the programs .
Điền vào số (38)
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 34 to 38.
Televisions has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world. In the United States , where sociologists have studied the effects , some interesting observations have been made. TV, although not essential , has become a(n) (34)_________part of most people’s lives. It has become a baby-sitter an initiator of (35)_________of program does not elevate people into greater (36)_________, but rather maintains and encourages the status quo. The (37)_________reason for the lack of quality in American TV is related to both the history of TV development and the economics of TV. TV in American began with the radio. Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with TV. Therefore , the close relationship, (38)_________the advertisers had with radio programs , but many actually produced the programs .
Điền vào số (37)
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 34 to 38.
Televisions has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world. In the United States , where sociologists have studied the effects , some interesting observations have been made. TV, although not essential , has become a(n) (34)_________part of most people’s lives. It has become a baby-sitter an initiator of (35)_________of program does not elevate people into greater (36)_________, but rather maintains and encourages the status quo. The (37)_________reason for the lack of quality in American TV is related to both the history of TV development and the economics of TV. TV in American began with the radio. Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with TV. Therefore , the close relationship, (38)_________the advertisers had with radio programs , but many actually produced the programs .
Điền vào số (36)
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 34 to 38.
Televisions has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world. In the United States , where sociologists have studied the effects , some interesting observations have been made. TV, although not essential , has become a(n) (34)_________part of most people’s lives. It has become a baby-sitter an initiator of (35)_________of program does not elevate people into greater (36)_________, but rather maintains and encourages the status quo. The (37)_________reason for the lack of quality in American TV is related to both the history of TV development and the economics of TV. TV in American began with the radio. Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with TV. Therefore , the close relationship, (38)_________the advertisers had with radio programs , but many actually produced the programs .
Điền vào số (35)
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 34 to 38.
Televisions has changed the lifestyle of people in every industrialized country in the world. In the United States , where sociologists have studied the effects , some interesting observations have been made. TV, although not essential , has become a(n) (34)_________part of most people’s lives. It has become a baby-sitter an initiator of (35)_________of program does not elevate people into greater (36)_________, but rather maintains and encourages the status quo. The (37)_________reason for the lack of quality in American TV is related to both the history of TV development and the economics of TV. TV in American began with the radio. Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with TV. Therefore , the close relationship, (38)_________the advertisers had with radio programs , but many actually produced the programs .
Điền vào số (34)
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 19 to 26.
Conservation conflicts arise when natural resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used , or allocated , and for whom. For example , a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish , and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers , fishers , and industry leaders vie for unrestricted access to this river , but such freedom could destroy the resource , and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use . Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries . For example , the headwaters , or source , of a major river may be located in a different country rather than the country though which the river flows . There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream . In addition , the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources . Cutting down a forest near a river , for instance , increases erosion , the wearing-away of such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean , clear freshwater for survival.
What does “methods ” in line 5 mean?
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 19 to 26.
Conservation conflicts arise when natural resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used , or allocated , and for whom. For example , a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish , and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers , fishers , and industry leaders vie for unrestricted access to this river , but such freedom could destroy the resource , and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use . Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries . For example , the headwaters , or source , of a major river may be located in a different country rather than the country though which the river flows . There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream . In addition , the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources . Cutting down a forest near a river , for instance , increases erosion , the wearing-away of such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean , clear freshwater for survival.
Which word in the reading means “living or growing in , happening in , or connected with water”?
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 19 to 26.
Conservation conflicts arise when natural resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used , or allocated , and for whom. For example , a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish , and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers , fishers , and industry leaders vie for unrestricted access to this river , but such freedom could destroy the resource , and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use . Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries . For example , the headwaters , or source , of a major river may be located in a different country rather than the country though which the river flows . There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream . In addition , the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources . Cutting down a forest near a river , for instance , increases erosion , the wearing-away of such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean , clear freshwater for survival.
What does “supply” in line 3 mean ?
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 19 to 26.
Conservation conflicts arise when natural resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used , or allocated , and for whom. For example , a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish , and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers , fishers , and industry leaders vie for unrestricted access to this river , but such freedom could destroy the resource , and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use . Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries . For example , the headwaters , or source , of a major river may be located in a different country rather than the country though which the river flows . There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream . In addition , the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources . Cutting down a forest near a river , for instance , increases erosion , the wearing-away of such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean , clear freshwater for survival.
When do conflicts decline ?
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 19 to 26.
Conservation conflicts arise when natural resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used , or allocated , and for whom. For example , a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish , and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers , fishers , and industry leaders vie for unrestricted access to this river , but such freedom could destroy the resource , and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use . Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries . For example , the headwaters , or source , of a major river may be located in a different country rather than the country though which the river flows . There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream . In addition , the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources . Cutting down a forest near a river , for instance , increases erosion , the wearing-away of such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean , clear freshwater for survival.
Which sentence below is NOT correct ?
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 19 to 26.
Conservation conflicts arise when natural resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used , or allocated , and for whom. For example , a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish , and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers , fishers , and industry leaders vie for unrestricted access to this river , but such freedom could destroy the resource , and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use . Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries . For example , the headwaters , or source , of a major river may be located in a different country rather than the country though which the river flows . There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream . In addition , the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources . Cutting down a forest near a river , for instance , increases erosion , the wearing-away of such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean , clear freshwater for survival.
What does “arise” in line 1 mean ?
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 19 to 26.
Conservation conflicts arise when natural resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used , or allocated , and for whom. For example , a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish , and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers , fishers , and industry leaders vie for unrestricted access to this river , but such freedom could destroy the resource , and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use . Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries . For example , the headwaters , or source , of a major river may be located in a different country rather than the country though which the river flows . There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream . In addition , the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources . Cutting down a forest near a river , for instance , increases erosion , the wearing-away of such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean , clear freshwater for survival.
Which word in the reading means “a promise that something will be done or will happen , especially in a particular period of time ?”
Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 19 to 26.
Conservation conflicts arise when natural resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used , or allocated , and for whom. For example , a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish , and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers , fishers , and industry leaders vie for unrestricted access to this river , but such freedom could destroy the resource , and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use . Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries . For example , the headwaters , or source , of a major river may be located in a different country rather than the country though which the river flows . There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream . In addition , the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources . Cutting down a forest near a river , for instance , increases erosion , the wearing-away of such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean , clear freshwater for survival.
What is the passage above mainly about?