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Thomas Cook could be said to have invented the global tourist industry. He was born in England in 1808 and became a cabinet-maker. Then he hit on the idea of using the newly-invented railways for pleasure trips and by the summer of 1845, he was organizing commercial trips. The first was to Liverpool and (1) ____________ a 60-page handbook for the journey, the (2) ____________ of the modern holiday brochure.
The Paris Exhibition of 1855 (3) _______ him to create his first great tour, taking in France, Belgium and Germany. This also included a remarkable (4) ____________ - Cook’s first cruise, an extraordinary journey along the Rhine. Nothing like this had been available before, but it was only the beginning. Cook had invented (5) ____________ tourism and now became a pioneering giant, striding across the world, traveling incessantly, researching every little detail before being absolutely confident that he could send the public to (6) ____________ his steps.
Cook was not slow in thinking beyond Europe, and he turned his gaze upon Africa. The expertise he had gained with his pioneering cruise along the Rhine in 1855 (7) ____________ him in good stead when it came to organizing a fantastic journey along the Nile in 1869. Few civilians had so much as (😎 ____________ foot in Egypt, let (9) ____________ traveled along this waterway through history and the remains of a vanished civilization (10) ____________ back thousands of years. Then, in 1872, Cook organized, and took part in, the first conducted world tour. The whole adventure took 222 days and the world of travel has not been the same since.
Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
In 1626, Peter Minuit, governor of the Dutch settlements in North America known as New Amsterdam, negotiated with Canarsee chiefs for the purchase of Manhattan Island for merchandise valued at sixty guilders or about $24.12. He purchased the island for the Dutch West India Company.
The next year, Fort Amsterdam was built by the company at the extreme southern tip of the island. Because attempts to encourage Dutch immigration were not immediately successful, offers, generous by the standards of the era, were extended throughout Europe. Consequently, the settlement became the most heterogeneous of the North American colonies. By 1637, the fort had expanded into the village of New Amsterdam, other small communities had grown up around it, including New Haarlem and Stuyvesant's Bouwery, and New Amsterdam began to prosper, developing characteristics of religious and linguistic tolerance unusual for the times. By 1643, it was reported that eighteen different languages could be heard in New Amsterdam alone.
Among the multilingual settlers was a large group of English colonists from Connecticut and Massachusetts who supported the English King's claim to all of New Netherlands set out in a charter that gave the territory to his brother James, Duke of New York. In 1664, when the English sent a formidable fleet of warships into the New Amsterdam harbor, Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant surrendered without resistance.
When the English acquired the island, the village of New Amsterdam was renamed New York in honor of the Duke. By the onset of the Revolution, New York City was already a bustling commercial center. After the war, it was selected as the first capital of the United States. Although the government was eventually moved, first to Philadelphia and then to Washington, D.C., New York has remained the unofficial commercial capital. During the 1690s, New York became a haven for pirates who conspired with leading merchants to exchange supplies for their ships in return for a share in the plunder. As a colony, New York exchanged many agricultural products for English manufactured goods. In addition, trade with the West Indies prospered. Three centuries after his initial trade with the Indians, Minuit's tiny investment was worth more than seven billion dollars.
Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
If parents bring up a child with the sole aim of turning the child into a genius, they will cause a disaster. According to several leading educational psychologists, this is one of the biggest mistakes which ambitious parents make. Generally, the child will be only too aware of what his parents expect, and will fail. Unrealistic parental expectations can cause great damage to children. However, if parents are not too unrealistic about what they expect their children to do, but are ambitious in a sensible way, the child may succeed in doing very well – especially if the parents are very supportive of their child. Michael Collins is very lucky. He is crazy about music, and his parents help him a lot by taking him to concerts and arranging private piano and violin lessons for him. They even drive him 50 kilometers twice a week for violin lessons. Michael’s mother knows very little about music, but his father plays the trumpet in a large orchestra. However, he never makes Michael enter music competitions if he is unwilling. Winston Smith, Michael’s friend, however, is not so lucky. Both his parents are successful musicians, and they set too high a standard for Winston. They want their son to be as successful as they are and so they enter him for every piano competition held. They are very unhappy when he does not win. Winston is always afraid that he will disappoint his parents and now he always seems quiet and unhappy.
One of the serious mistakes parents can make is to _____.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks.
In recent years, there has been a remarkable increase in research into happiness. The researchers have (1) ............ a number of factors which contribute to a definition of happiness. First of all, there is, in some people, a moderate genetic predisposition to be happy, in other words, happiness (2) ............ in families. And happiness seems to correlate quite strongly with the main dimensions of personalities: extroverts are generally happier, neurotics are less so. Second, people often (3) ............ good social relations as a reason for their happiness. In particular, friends are a great (4) ............ of joy, partly because of the agreeable things they do together, partly because of the way friends use positive non-verbal signals such as caressing and touching, to affirm their friendship. Marriage and similar (5) ............relationships can also form the basis of lasting happiness. Third, job satisfaction undoubtedly (6) ............ overall satisfaction, and vice versa – perhaps this is why some people are happy in boring jobs: it works in both ways. Job satisfaction is caused not only by the essential nature of the work, but also by social interactions with co-workers. Unemployment, on the contrary, can be a serious cause of unhappiness. Fourth, leisure is important because it is more under individual (7)............than most other causes of happiness. Activities (8) ............ sport and music, and participation in voluntary work and social clubs of various kinds, can give great joy. This is partly because of the (9) ............ themselves, but also because of the social support of other group members – it is very strong (10)............ the case of religious groups.