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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answersheet to indicate the correctword orphrase that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.In a world where 2 billion people live in homes that don't have light bulbs, technology holds the key (31)______ banishing poverty. Even the simplest technologies can transform lives and save money. Vaccines, crops, computers and sources of solar energy can all reduce poverty in developing countries. For example, cheap oral-rehydration therapy developed in Bangladesh has dramatically cut the death (32)______ from childhood diarrhoea. But even when such technologies exist, the depressing fact is that we can’t make them cheap enough for those who most need them. Solar panels, batteries and light bulbs are still beyond the purse of many, but where they have been installed they change lives. A decent light in the evening gives children more time for homework and extends the productive day for adults.Kenya has a thriving solar industry and six years ago Kenyan pioneers also started connecting schools to the Internet via radio links. These people were fortunate in being able to afford solar panels, radios and old computers. How much bigger would the impact be if these things (33)______ and priced specifically for poor people?Multinationals must become part of the solution, because (34)______ they own around 60 per cent of the world's technology, they seldom make products for poor customers. Of 1,223 new drugs marketed worldwide from 1975 to 1996, for example, just 13 were for tropical diseases.People think those enterprises should do more to provide vital products such as medicines at different prices around the world to suit (35)______ people can afford. Alternatively, they could pay a percentage of their profit towards research and development for the poor. (Adapted from “The Price is Wrong” in “Focus on IELTS Foundations” by Sue O’Connell, Pearson Longman, 2006)Điền vào ô số 33

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answersheet to indicate the correctword orphrase that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.In a world where 2 billion people live in homes that don't have light bulbs, technology holds the key (31)______ banishing poverty. Even the simplest technologies can transform lives and save money. Vaccines, crops, computers and sources of solar energy can all reduce poverty in developing countries. For example, cheap oral-rehydration therapy developed in Bangladesh has dramatically cut the death (32)______ from childhood diarrhoea. But even when such technologies exist, the depressing fact is that we can’t make them cheap enough for those who most need them. Solar panels, batteries and light bulbs are still beyond the purse of many, but where they have been installed they change lives. A decent light in the evening gives children more time for homework and extends the productive day for adults.Kenya has a thriving solar industry and six years ago Kenyan pioneers also started connecting schools to the Internet via radio links. These people were fortunate in being able to afford solar panels, radios and old computers. How much bigger would the impact be if these things (33)______ and priced specifically for poor people?Multinationals must become part of the solution, because (34)______ they own around 60 per cent of the world's technology, they seldom make products for poor customers. Of 1,223 new drugs marketed worldwide from 1975 to 1996, for example, just 13 were for tropical diseases.People think those enterprises should do more to provide vital products such as medicines at different prices around the world to suit (35)______ people can afford. Alternatively, they could pay a percentage of their profit towards research and development for the poor. (Adapted from “The Price is Wrong” in “Focus on IELTS Foundations” by Sue O’Connell, Pearson Longman, 2006)Điền vào ô số 32

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 466 lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answersheet to indicate the correctword orphrase that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.In a world where 2 billion people live in homes that don't have light bulbs, technology holds the key (31)______ banishing poverty. Even the simplest technologies can transform lives and save money. Vaccines, crops, computers and sources of solar energy can all reduce poverty in developing countries. For example, cheap oral-rehydration therapy developed in Bangladesh has dramatically cut the death (32)______ from childhood diarrhoea. But even when such technologies exist, the depressing fact is that we can’t make them cheap enough for those who most need them. Solar panels, batteries and light bulbs are still beyond the purse of many, but where they have been installed they change lives. A decent light in the evening gives children more time for homework and extends the productive day for adults.Kenya has a thriving solar industry and six years ago Kenyan pioneers also started connecting schools to the Internet via radio links. These people were fortunate in being able to afford solar panels, radios and old computers. How much bigger would the impact be if these things (33)______ and priced specifically for poor people? Multinationals must become part of the solution, because (34)______ they own around 60 per cent of the world's technology, they seldom make products for poor customers. Of 1,223 new drugs marketed worldwide from 1975 to 1996, for example, just 13 were for tropical diseases.People think those enterprises should do more to provide vital products such as medicines at different prices around the world to suit (35)______ people can afford. Alternatively, they could pay a percentage of their profit towards research and development for the poor. (Adapted from “The Price is Wrong” in “Focus on IELTS Foundations” by Sue O’Connell, Pearson Longman, 2006)Điền vào ô số 31

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.The team reached the top of the mountain. The team spent a night there

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.People should not throw rubbish in the park. People should not cut down the trees in the park

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 409 lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questionsWhen there is so much traffic on the roads, it is sometimes quicker to walk than to go by car

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questionsI forgot to lock the door before leaving

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questionsThere is no question of changing my mind about resigning

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A,B,C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questionsShe is a very generous old woman. She has given most of her wealth to a charity organization

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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answersheet to indicate the word(s)CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the followingquestionsDozens of applicants showed up for the vacant position, but only a handful of them were shortlisted for the interview 

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answersheet to indicate the word(s)CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the followingquestionsJust like hearing infants who start first with simple syllable babbling, then put more syllables together to sound like real sentences and questions, deaf babies follow the same pattern

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchangesTom: “Can I have another cup of tea?” Christy: “______.”

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchangesAnn: “Do you need any help?” Kate: “______.”

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questionsHe died ______ lung cancer last month, leaving his wife in great shock

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questionsNowadays, with the help of the computer, teachers have developed a ______ approach to teaching

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questionsI ______ with my aunt when I am on holiday in Ho Chi Minh City next month

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questionsWe expressed ______ the missing child would be found alive

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questionsHaving traveled to different parts of our country, ______.

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 16.3 K lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questionsThe government was finally ______ by a minor scandal

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questionsThe Moon is much closer to Earth ______, and thus it had greater influence on the tides

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 13.4 K lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questionsHis honesty is ______; nobody can doubt it

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 19.6 K lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questionsConnecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states ______ the Constitution of the United States

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions______ he got top marks at high school, he never went to university

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questionsIn our team, no person ______ John could finish this tough task in such a short time

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions“It’s about time you ______ your homework, Mary.”

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 25.2 K lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that superstition needs correction in each of the following questionsSome people often say  that using cars is not as convenient than using motorbikes

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 27.1 K lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that superstition needs correction in each of the following questionsIn the early 1900's, Pennsylvania's industries  grew rapidly, a growth sometimes  accompanied  by disputes labor 

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 9.3 K lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that superstition needs correction in each of the following questionsI like the fresh air and green trees of the village which  I spent my vacation last year

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 6 K lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 1.1 K lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 32)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 1.4 K lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50Archaeological records - paintings, drawings and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands - indicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed. Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of CroMagnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by lefthanders). Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or leftsided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Population of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo Habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.Which of the following conclusions is suggested by the evidence from cranial morphology?

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 1.1 K lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50Archaeological records - paintings, drawings and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands - indicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed. Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of CroMagnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by lefthanders). Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or leftsided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Population of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo Habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.All of the follows are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ____________.

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50Archaeological records - paintings, drawings and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands - indicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed. Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of CroMagnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by lefthanders). Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or leftsided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Population of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo Habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.Why does the author mention Homo erectus and Home Habilis in the last paragraph? 

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 686 lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50Archaeological records - paintings, drawings and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands - indicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed. Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of CroMagnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by lefthanders). Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or leftsided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Population of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo Habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.The fact that the Inuit cut meat by holding it between their teeth is significant because _____________.

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
Xem chi tiết 423 lượt xem 5 năm trước
Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50Archaeological records - paintings, drawings and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands - indicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed. Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of CroMagnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by lefthanders). Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or leftsided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Population of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo Habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.When compared with implements "flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation”, it can be inferred that "implements flaked with a clock-wise motion" are ______________. 

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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50Archaeological records - paintings, drawings and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands - indicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed. Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of CroMagnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by lefthanders). Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or leftsided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Population of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo Habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.What does the author say about Cro-Magnon paintings of hands?

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50Archaeological records - paintings, drawings and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands - indicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed. Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of CroMagnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by lefthanders). Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or leftsided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Population of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo Habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.The word "other" in the first paragraph refers to ______________.

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50Archaeological records - paintings, drawings and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands - indicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed. Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of CroMagnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by lefthanders). Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or leftsided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Population of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo Habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.What is the main idea of the passage?

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42Leisure activity isn’t just for fun, says a University of Florida psychologist who has developed a scale that classifies hobbies and avocations based on needs they satisfy in people. The scale can help people find more personal fulfillment by giving them insight into what they really like and by helping them to find substitutes when they can’t pursue their favorite activities. “The surprising thing is that activities you might think are very different have similar effects on people” said Howard E.A. Tinsley, a UF psychology professor who developed the measurement. ―Probably no one would consider acting to have the same characteristics as roller-skating or playing baseball, but men and women who act as a hobby report feeling an intense sense of belonging to a group, much the same way others do in playing sports.And activities providing the strongest sense of competition are not sports, but card, arcade and computer games, he found. Tinsley, whose research on leisure has been published in several journals, is scheduled this spring to present some of the findings in Milwaukee at a conference of the Society for Vocational Psychology. Based on surveys with more than 3,000 people about the satisfactions they get from various hobbies, Tinsley obtained numerical scores for values such as “challenge” and “hedonism”, and grouped some 82 leisure activities into 11 categories. For example, dining out and watching movies fall into the “sensual enjoyment” category, playing soccer and attending sports clubs meetings satisfy participants’ desires for a sense of “belongingness” and coin collecting and baking fulfill their need for “creativity”. “With so many people in jobs they don’t care for, leisure is a prized aspect of people’s lives,” Tinsley said. “Yet it’s not something psychologists really study. Economists tell us how much money people spend skiing, but nobody explains what it is about skiing that is really appealing to people or how one activity relates to another, perhaps in unexpected ways.”“Fishing, generally considered more of an outdoor or recreational activity, for example, is a form of self-expression like quilting or stamp collecting, because it gives people the opportunity to express themselves by doing something completely different from their daily routine,”he said.The findings in the passage by Howard E.A.Tinsley are somewhat __________

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42Leisure activity isn’t just for fun, says a University of Florida psychologist who has developed a scale that classifies hobbies and avocations based on needs they satisfy in people. The scale can help people find more personal fulfillment by giving them insight into what they really like and by helping them to find substitutes when they can’t pursue their favorite activities. “The surprising thing is that activities you might think are very different have similar effects on people” said Howard E.A. Tinsley, a UF psychology professor who developed the measurement. ―Probably no one would consider acting to have the same characteristics as roller-skating or playing baseball, but men and women who act as a hobby report feeling an intense sense of belonging to a group, much the same way others do in playing sports.And activities providing the strongest sense of competition are not sports, but card, arcade and computer games, he found. Tinsley, whose research on leisure has been published in several journals, is scheduled this spring to present some of the findings in Milwaukee at a conference of the Society for Vocational Psychology. Based on surveys with more than 3,000 people about the satisfactions they get from various hobbies, Tinsley obtained numerical scores for values such as “challenge” and “hedonism”, and grouped some 82 leisure activities into 11 categories. For example, dining out and watching movies fall into the “sensual enjoyment” category, playing soccer and attending sports clubs meetings satisfy participants’ desires for a sense of “belongingness” and coin collecting and baking fulfill their need for “creativity”. “With so many people in jobs they don’t care for, leisure is a prized aspect of people’s lives,” Tinsley said. “Yet it’s not something psychologists really study. Economists tell us how much money people spend skiing, but nobody explains what it is about skiing that is really appealing to people or how one activity relates to another, perhaps in unexpected ways.”“Fishing, generally considered more of an outdoor or recreational activity, for example, is a form of self-expression like quilting or stamp collecting, because it gives people the opportunity to express themselves by doing something completely different from their daily routine,”he said.Which sentence best summarizes the passage?

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42Leisure activity isn’t just for fun, says a University of Florida psychologist who has developed a scale that classifies hobbies and avocations based on needs they satisfy in people. The scale can help people find more personal fulfillment by giving them insight into what they really like and by helping them to find substitutes when they can’t pursue their favorite activities. “The surprising thing is that activities you might think are very different have similar effects on people” said Howard E.A. Tinsley, a UF psychology professor who developed the measurement. ―Probably no one would consider acting to have the same characteristics as roller-skating or playing baseball, but men and women who act as a hobby report feeling an intense sense of belonging to a group, much the same way others do in playing sports.And activities providing the strongest sense of competition are not sports, but card, arcade and computer games, he found. Tinsley, whose research on leisure has been published in several journals, is scheduled this spring to present some of the findings in Milwaukee at a conference of the Society for Vocational Psychology. Based on surveys with more than 3,000 people about the satisfactions they get from various hobbies, Tinsley obtained numerical scores for values such as “challenge” and “hedonism”, and grouped some 82 leisure activities into 11 categories. For example, dining out and watching movies fall into the “sensual enjoyment” category, playing soccer and attending sports clubs meetings satisfy participants’ desires for a sense of “belongingness” and coin collecting and baking fulfill their need for “creativity”. “With so many people in jobs they don’t care for, leisure is a prized aspect of people’s lives,” Tinsley said. “Yet it’s not something psychologists really study. Economists tell us how much money people spend skiing, but nobody explains what it is about skiing that is really appealing to people or how one activity relates to another, perhaps in unexpected ways.”“Fishing, generally considered more of an outdoor or recreational activity, for example, is a form of self-expression like quilting or stamp collecting, because it gives people the opportunity to express themselves by doing something completely different from their daily routine,”he said.The word "it" in the last paragraph refers to ________________.

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42Leisure activity isn’t just for fun, says a University of Florida psychologist who has developed a scale that classifies hobbies and avocations based on needs they satisfy in people. The scale can help people find more personal fulfillment by giving them insight into what they really like and by helping them to find substitutes when they can’t pursue their favorite activities. “The surprising thing is that activities you might think are very different have similar effects on people” said Howard E.A. Tinsley, a UF psychology professor who developed the measurement. ―Probably no one would consider acting to have the same characteristics as roller-skating or playing baseball, but men and women who act as a hobby report feeling an intense sense of belonging to a group, much the same way others do in playing sports.And activities providing the strongest sense of competition are not sports, but card, arcade and computer games, he found. Tinsley, whose research on leisure has been published in several journals, is scheduled this spring to present some of the findings in Milwaukee at a conference of the Society for Vocational Psychology. Based on surveys with more than 3,000 people about the satisfactions they get from various hobbies, Tinsley obtained numerical scores for values such as “challenge” and “hedonism”, and grouped some 82 leisure activities into 11 categories. For example, dining out and watching movies fall into the “sensual enjoyment” category, playing soccer and attending sports clubs meetings satisfy participants’ desires for a sense of “belongingness” and coin collecting and baking fulfill their need for “creativity”. “With so many people in jobs they don’t care for, leisure is a prized aspect of people’s lives,” Tinsley said. “Yet it’s not something psychologists really study. Economists tell us how much money people spend skiing, but nobody explains what it is about skiing that is really appealing to people or how one activity relates to another, perhaps in unexpected ways.”“Fishing, generally considered more of an outdoor or recreational activity, for example, is a form of self-expression like quilting or stamp collecting, because it gives people the opportunity to express themselves by doing something completely different from their daily routine,”he said.Taking part in sports gives you _________________.

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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42Leisure activity isn’t just for fun, says a University of Florida psychologist who has developed a scale that classifies hobbies and avocations based on needs they satisfy in people. The scale can help people find more personal fulfillment by giving them insight into what they really like and by helping them to find substitutes when they can’t pursue their favorite activities. “The surprising thing is that activities you might think are very different have similar effects on people” said Howard E.A. Tinsley, a UF psychology professor who developed the measurement. ―Probably no one would consider acting to have the same characteristics as roller-skating or playing baseball, but men and women who act as a hobby report feeling an intense sense of belonging to a group, much the same way others do in playing sports.And activities providing the strongest sense of competition are not sports, but card, arcade and computer games, he found. Tinsley, whose research on leisure has been published in several journals, is scheduled this spring to present some of the findings in Milwaukee at a conference of the Society for Vocational Psychology. Based on surveys with more than 3,000 people about the satisfactions they get from various hobbies, Tinsley obtained numerical scores for values such as “challenge” and “hedonism”, and grouped some 82 leisure activities into 11 categories. For example, dining out and watching movies fall into the “sensual enjoyment” category, playing soccer and attending sports clubs meetings satisfy participants’ desires for a sense of “belongingness” and coin collecting and baking fulfill their need for “creativity”. “With so many people in jobs they don’t care for, leisure is a prized aspect of people’s lives,” Tinsley said. “Yet it’s not something psychologists really study. Economists tell us how much money people spend skiing, but nobody explains what it is about skiing that is really appealing to people or how one activity relates to another, perhaps in unexpected ways.”“Fishing, generally considered more of an outdoor or recreational activity, for example, is a form of self-expression like quilting or stamp collecting, because it gives people the opportunity to express themselves by doing something completely different from their daily routine,”he said.Which of the following is not mentioned as a category in Tinsley’s scale?

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Tổng hợp đề thi Tiếng Anh có lời giải (Đề số 26)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a  social group. Group members look into instrumental leaders to “get things done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of  the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect.A “secondary relationship” mentioned in line 20 between a leader and the members of a group could be best characterized as_________

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42Leisure activity isn’t just for fun, says a University of Florida psychologist who has developed a scale that classifies hobbies and avocations based on needs they satisfy in people. The scale can help people find more personal fulfillment by giving them insight into what they really like and by helping them to find substitutes when they can’t pursue their favorite activities. “The surprising thing is that activities you might think are very different have similar effects on people” said Howard E.A. Tinsley, a UF psychology professor who developed the measurement. ―Probably no one would consider acting to have the same characteristics as roller-skating or playing baseball, but men and women who act as a hobby report feeling an intense sense of belonging to a group, much the same way others do in playing sports.And activities providing the strongest sense of competition are not sports, but card, arcade and computer games, he found. Tinsley, whose research on leisure has been published in several journals, is scheduled this spring to present some of the findings in Milwaukee at a conference of the Society for Vocational Psychology. Based on surveys with more than 3,000 people about the satisfactions they get from various hobbies, Tinsley obtained numerical scores for values such as “challenge” and “hedonism”, and grouped some 82 leisure activities into 11 categories. For example, dining out and watching movies fall into the “sensual enjoyment” category, playing soccer and attending sports clubs meetings satisfy participants’ desires for a sense of “belongingness” and coin collecting and baking fulfill their need for “creativity”. “With so many people in jobs they don’t care for, leisure is a prized aspect of people’s lives,” Tinsley said. “Yet it’s not something psychologists really study. Economists tell us how much money people spend skiing, but nobody explains what it is about skiing that is really appealing to people or how one activity relates to another, perhaps in unexpected ways.”“Fishing, generally considered more of an outdoor or recreational activity, for example, is a form of self-expression like quilting or stamp collecting, because it gives people the opportunity to express themselves by doing something completely different from their daily routine,”he said.Which of the following is NOT true?

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Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia môn Tiếng anh năm 2020 (Đề số 31)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42Leisure activity isn’t just for fun, says a University of Florida psychologist who has developed a scale that classifies hobbies and avocations based on needs they satisfy in people. The scale can help people find more personal fulfillment by giving them insight into what they really like and by helping them to find substitutes when they can’t pursue their favorite activities. “The surprising thing is that activities you might think are very different have similar effects on people” said Howard E.A. Tinsley, a UF psychology professor who developed the measurement. ―Probably no one would consider acting to have the same characteristics as roller-skating or playing baseball, but men and women who act as a hobby report feeling an intense sense of belonging to a group, much the same way others do in playing sports.And activities providing the strongest sense of competition are not sports, but card, arcade and computer games, he found. Tinsley, whose research on leisure has been published in several journals, is scheduled this spring to present some of the findings in Milwaukee at a conference of the Society for Vocational Psychology. Based on surveys with more than 3,000 people about the satisfactions they get from various hobbies, Tinsley obtained numerical scores for values such as “challenge” and “hedonism”, and grouped some 82 leisure activities into 11 categories. For example, dining out and watching movies fall into the “sensual enjoyment” category, playing soccer and attending sports clubs meetings satisfy participants’ desires for a sense of “belongingness” and coin collecting and baking fulfill their need for “creativity”. “With so many people in jobs they don’t care for, leisure is a prized aspect of people’s lives,” Tinsley said. “Yet it’s not something psychologists really study. Economists tell us how much money people spend skiing, but nobody explains what it is about skiing that is really appealing to people or how one activity relates to another, perhaps in unexpected ways.”“Fishing, generally considered more of an outdoor or recreational activity, for example, is a form of self-expression like quilting or stamp collecting, because it gives people the opportunity to express themselves by doing something completely different from their daily routine,”he said.The word "substitutes" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________________.

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Tổng hợp đề thi Tiếng Anh có lời giải (Đề số 26)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a  social group. Group members look into instrumental leaders to “get things done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of  the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect.The word “them” in line 18 refers to_________

Tiếng Anh Tốt nghiệp THPT
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Tổng hợp đề thi Tiếng Anh có lời giải (Đề số 26)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a  social group. Group members look into instrumental leaders to “get things done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of  the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect.The word “collective” in line 15 is closest in meaning to_________.

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