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Mark the following passage and make the letter A,B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the question
Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varese (1883-1965) called thus the “liberation of sound…the right to make music with any and all sounds.” Electronic music, for example – made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and electronic instruments – may include sounds that in the past would not have been considered musical.
Enviromental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and non-electronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments. A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions. Traditional persussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconventional in Western music – tom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracas – are widely used.
In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of Microtones. Non-Western music typically divides and intervals between two pitches more finely than Western music does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones or micro tones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters – closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium. Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graph like diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each the numbered blanks.
The mobile phone
People have been dreaming of having a personal means of communication for a long time. In the late 1960s, the idea seemed so far in the future that it was included in the science fiction series, Star Trek. Since the 1980s, however, mobile have become a part of everyday life. (1) ________ they were initially seen as a status symbol for successful business people, mobile use has spread to include practically everyone in the developed world, old and young alike. The (2) ________ on social life has been enormous. We have got used to the idea of having constantly changed social plans, (3) ________ a quick phone call is all takes to rearrange things. Before this was possible, there were (4) ________ occasions when friends who had arranged to meet completely missed each other because of a slight misunderstanding. People would often have to (5) ________ very careful arrangements to be sure of meeting up. As mobiles have become more popular, so they have become more powerful. The large, unreliable mobile phone of the 1980s has evolved into the small stylish phone of today.