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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 55 to 64.      An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established inEngland in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled - a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.      Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.      However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such a region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact, the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however, has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _______.

Xem chi tiết 2.7 K lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 55 to 64.      An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established inEngland in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled - a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.      Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.      However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such a region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact, the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however, has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.The word "adversely" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _______. 

Xem chi tiết 354 lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.By adopting a few simple techniques, parents who read to their children can substantially increase their children’s language development. It’s surprising, but true. How parents talk to their children makes a big difference in the children’s language development. If a parent encourages the child to actively respond to what the parent is reading, the child’s language skills increase.A study was done with 2 to 3 year-old children and their parents. Half of the thirty children participated in the experimental study; the other half acted as the control group. In the experimental group, the parents were given a two-hour training session in which they were taught to ask open-ended questions rather than yes/no questions. For example, the parent should ask, “what is the doggie doing?” rather than, “Is the doggie running away?” Experimental parents were also instructed in how to expand on their children’s answers, how to suggest alternative possibilities, and how to praise correct answers.At the beginning of the study, the children did not differ on measures of language development, but at the end of one month the children in the experimental group tested 5.5 months ahead of the control group on a test of verbal expression and vocabulary. Nine months later, the children in the experimental group still showed an advance of 6 months over the children in the control group.Which of the following words could replace the word adopting in line 1?

Xem chi tiết 1.1 K lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 55to 64.      An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established inEngland in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled - a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.      Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.      However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such a region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact, the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however, has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.What does the passage mainly discuss?

Xem chi tiết 342 lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word  or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 44      It is relatively easy for computers to speak. A computer that says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’  in the right    places is (35) ___   miracle of science ,but recognizing the words that make up normal , continuous human speech is another (36) ___      Not until now have computer been programmed to (37) ___ to a range of spoken commands.Until recently it was thought that computers would have tobe programmed to the accent and speech hahits of each user,and only then would be able to respond(38) ___to their master’s or mistress’s voice.Now rapid progress is being made (39) ______systems programmed to adapt easily to each new speaker.     The IBM Tangora system,under development at the end of 1980s was claimed to (40) ______a spoken vocabulary of 20,000 words with 95 percent accuracy. The system includes a processor that can  make informed guesses as to(41)______is a likely sentence.That system has been programmed not only with grammatical rules,but also with an analyssis of a vast quantity of office correspondence.On the(42) ______ of this information ,the machine can calculate the probability of one particular word following another.      Statistical probability is necessary for computers to interpret not only speech but also(43) ______data.Security systems can distinguish between faces they have been taught to recognize,but never has a computerbeen able to match a human’s ability to make sense of a three-dimemsional scene(44) ______identifying all objects in it.                  (From ‘Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant .Grammar’ by Milada Broukal)

Xem chi tiết 1.1 K lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.By adopting a few simple techniques, parents who read to their children can substantially increase their children’s language development. It’s surprising, but true. How parents talk to their children makes a big difference in the children’s language development. If a parent encourages the child to actively respond to what the parent is reading, the child’s language skills increase.A study was done with 2 to 3 year-old children and their parents. Half of the thirty children participated in the experimental study; the other half acted as the control group. In the experimental group, the parents were given a two-hour training session in which they were taught to ask open-ended questions rather than yes/no questions. For example, the parent should ask, “what is the doggie doing?” rather than, “Is the doggie running away?” Experimental parents were also instructed in how to expand on their children’s answers, how to suggest alternative possibilities, and how to praise correct answers.At the beginning of the study, the children did not differ on measures of language development, but at the end of one month the children in the experimental group tested 5.5 months ahead of the control group on a test of verbal expression and vocabulary. Nine months later, the children in the experimental group still showed an advance of 6 months over the children in the control group. Which of the following can be inferred from this passage?

Xem chi tiết 1.5 K lượt xem 5 năm trước

 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word  or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 43      It is relatively easy for computers to speak. A computer that says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’  in the right    places is (35) ___   miracle of science ,but recognizing the words that make up normal , continuous human speech is another (36) ___      Not until now have computer been programmed to (37) ___ to a range of spoken commands.Until recently it was thought that computers would have tobe programmed to the accent and speech hahits of each user,and only then would be able to respond(38) ___to their master’s or mistress’s voice.Now rapid progress is being made (39) ______systems programmed to adapt easily to each new speaker.     The IBM Tangora system,under development at the end of 1980s was claimed to (40) ______a spoken vocabulary of 20,000 words with 95 percent accuracy. The system includes a processor that can  make informed guesses as to(41)______is a likely sentence.That system has been programmed not only with grammatical rules,but also with an analyssis of a vast quantity of office correspondence.On the(42) ______ of this information ,the machine can calculate the probability of one particular word following another.      Statistical probability is necessary for computers to interpret not only speech but also(43) ______data.Security systems can distinguish between faces they have been taught to recognize,but never has a computerbeen able to match a human’s ability to make sense of a three-dimemsional scene(44) ______identifying all objects in it.                  (From ‘Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant .Grammar’ by Milada Broukal) 

Xem chi tiết 423 lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word  or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 42      It is relatively easy for computers to speak. A computer that says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’  in the right    places is (35) ___   miracle of science ,but recognizing the words that make up normal , continuous human speech is another (36) ___      Not until now have computer been programmed to (37) ___ to a range of spoken commands.Until recently it was thought that computers would have tobe programmed to the accent and speech hahits of each user,and only then would be able to respond(38) ___to their master’s or mistress’s voice.Now rapid progress is being made (39) ______systems programmed to adapt easily to each new speaker.     The IBM Tangora system,under development at the end of 1980s was claimed to (40) ______a spoken vocabulary of 20,000 words with 95 percent accuracy. The system includes a processor that can  make informed guesses as to(41)______is a likely sentence.That system has been programmed not only with grammatical rules,but also with an analyssis of a vast quantity of office correspondence.On the(42) ______ of this information ,the machine can calculate the probability of one particular word following another.      Statistical probability is necessary for computers to interpret not only speech but also(43) ______data.Security systems can distinguish between faces they have been taught to recognize,but never has a computerbeen able to match a human’s ability to make sense of a three-dimemsional scene(44) ______identifying all objects in it.                  (From ‘Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant .Grammar’ by Milada Broukal)

Xem chi tiết 693 lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word  or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 41      It is relatively easy for computers to speak. A computer that says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’  in the right    places is (35) ___   miracle of science ,but recognizing the words that make up normal , continuous human speech is another (36) ___      Not until now have computer been programmed to (37) ___ to a range of spoken commands.Until recently it was thought that computers would have tobe programmed to the accent and speech hahits of each user,and only then would be able to respond(38) ___to their master’s or mistress’s voice.Now rapid progress is being made (39) ______systems programmed to adapt easily to each new speaker.     The IBM Tangora system,under development at the end of 1980s was claimed to (40) ______a spoken vocabulary of 20,000 words with 95 percent accuracy. The system includes a processor that can  make informed guesses as to(41)______is a likely sentence.That system has been programmed not only with grammatical rules,but also with an analyssis of a vast quantity of office correspondence.On the(42) ______ of this information ,the machine can calculate the probability of one particular word following another.      Statistical probability is necessary for computers to interpret not only speech but also(43) ______data.Security systems can distinguish between faces they have been taught to recognize,but never has a computerbeen able to match a human’s ability to make sense of a three-dimemsional scene(44) ______identifying all objects in it.                  (From ‘Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant .Grammar’ by Milada Broukal)

Xem chi tiết 1.1 K lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word  or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 40      It is relatively easy for computers to speak. A computer that says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’  in the right    places is (35) ___   miracle of science ,but recognizing the words that make up normal , continuous human speech is another (36) ___      Not until now have computer been programmed to (37) ___ to a range of spoken commands.Until recently it was thought that computers would have tobe programmed to the accent and speech hahits of each user,and only then would be able to respond(38) ___to their master’s or mistress’s voice.Now rapid progress is being made (39) ______systems programmed to adapt easily to each new speaker.     The IBM Tangora system,under development at the end of 1980s was claimed to (40) ______a spoken vocabulary of 20,000 words with 95 percent accuracy. The system includes a processor that can  make informed guesses as to(41)______is a likely sentence.That system has been programmed not only with grammatical rules,but also with an analyssis of a vast quantity of office correspondence.On the(42) ______ of this information ,the machine can calculate the probability of one particular word following another.      Statistical probability is necessary for computers to interpret not only speech but also(43) ______data.Security systems can distinguish between faces they have been taught to recognize,but never has a computerbeen able to match a human’s ability to make sense of a three-dimemsional scene(44) ______identifying all objects in it.                  (From ‘Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant .Grammar’ by Milada Broukal)

Xem chi tiết 718 lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word  or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 39      It is relatively easy for computers to speak. A computer that says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’  in the right    places is (35) ___   miracle of science ,but recognizing the words that make up normal , continuous human speech is another (36) ___      Not until now have computer been programmed to (37) ___ to a range of spoken commands.Until recently it was thought that computers would have tobe programmed to the accent and speech hahits of each user,and only then would be able to respond(38) ___to their master’s or mistress’s voice.Now rapid progress is being made (39) ______systems programmed to adapt easily to each new speaker.     The IBM Tangora system,under development at the end of 1980s was claimed to (40) ______a spoken vocabulary of 20,000 words with 95 percent accuracy. The system includes a processor that can  make informed guesses as to(41)______is a likely sentence.That system has been programmed not only with grammatical rules,but also with an analyssis of a vast quantity of office correspondence.On the(42) ______ of this information ,the machine can calculate the probability of one particular word following another.      Statistical probability is necessary for computers to interpret not only speech but also(43) ______data.Security systems can distinguish between faces they have been taught to recognize,but never has a computerbeen able to match a human’s ability to make sense of a three-dimemsional scene(44) ______identifying all objects in it.                  (From ‘Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant .Grammar’ by Milada Broukal)

Xem chi tiết 628 lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word  or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 38      It is relatively easy for computers to speak. A computer that says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’  in the right    places is (35) ___   miracle of science ,but recognizing the words that make up normal , continuous human speech is another (36) ___      Not until now have computer been programmed to (37) ___ to a range of spoken commands.Until recently it was thought that computers would have tobe programmed to the accent and speech hahits of each user,and only then would be able to respond(38) ___to their master’s or mistress’s voice.Now rapid progress is being made (39) ______systems programmed to adapt easily to each new speaker.     The IBM Tangora system,under development at the end of 1980s was claimed to (40) ______a spoken vocabulary of 20,000 words with 95 percent accuracy. The system includes a processor that can  make informed guesses as to(41)______is a likely sentence.That system has been programmed not only with grammatical rules,but also with an analyssis of a vast quantity of office correspondence.On the(42) ______ of this information ,the machine can calculate the probability of one particular word following another.      Statistical probability is necessary for computers to interpret not only speech but also(43) ______data.Security systems can distinguish between faces they have been taught to recognize,but never has a computerbeen able to match a human’s ability to make sense of a three-dimemsional scene(44) ______identifying all objects in it.                  (From ‘Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant .Grammar’ by Milada Broukal)

Xem chi tiết 5.9 K lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word  or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 37      It is relatively easy for computers to speak. A computer that says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’  in the right    places is (35) ___   miracle of science ,but recognizing the words that make up normal , continuous human speech is another (36) ___      Not until now have computer been programmed to (37) ___ to a range of spoken commands.Until recently it was thought that computers would have tobe programmed to the accent and speech hahits of each user,and only then would be able to respond(38) ___to their master’s or mistress’s voice.Now rapid progress is being made (39) ______systems programmed to adapt easily to each new speaker.     The IBM Tangora system,under development at the end of 1980s was claimed to (40) ______a spoken vocabulary of 20,000 words with 95 percent accuracy. The system includes a processor that can  make informed guesses as to(41)______is a likely sentence.That system has been programmed not only with grammatical rules,but also with an analyssis of a vast quantity of office correspondence.On the(42) ______ of this information ,the machine can calculate the probability of one particular word following another.      Statistical probability is necessary for computers to interpret not only speech but also(43) ______data.Security systems can distinguish between faces they have been taught to recognize,but never has a computerbeen able to match a human’s ability to make sense of a three-dimemsional scene(44) ______identifying all objects in it.                  (From ‘Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant .Grammar’ by Milada Broukal)

Xem chi tiết 1.1 K lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word  or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 36      It is relatively easy for computers to speak. A computer that says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’  in the right    places is (35) ___   miracle of science ,but recognizing the words that make up normal , continuous human speech is another (36) ___      Not until now have computer been programmed to (37) ___ to a range of spoken commands.Until recently it was thought that computers would have tobe programmed to the accent and speech hahits of each user,and only then would be able to respond(38) ___to their master’s or mistress’s voice.Now rapid progress is being made (39) ______systems programmed to adapt easily to each new speaker.     The IBM Tangora system,under development at the end of 1980s was claimed to (40) ______a spoken vocabulary of 20,000 words with 95 percent accuracy. The system includes a processor that can  make informed guesses as to(41)______is a likely sentence.That system has been programmed not only with grammatical rules,but also with an analyssis of a vast quantity of office correspondence.On the(42) ______ of this information ,the machine can calculate the probability of one particular word following another.      Statistical probability is necessary for computers to interpret not only speech but also(43) ______data.Security systems can distinguish between faces they have been taught to recognize,but never has a computerbeen able to match a human’s ability to make sense of a three-dimemsional scene(44) ______identifying all objects in it.                  (From ‘Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant .Grammar’ by Milada Broukal)

Xem chi tiết 1.3 K lượt xem 5 năm trước

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word  or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Fill in the appropriate word in question 35      It is relatively easy for computers to speak. A computer that says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’  in the right    places is (35) ___   miracle of science ,but recognizing the words that make up normal , continuous human speech is another (36) ___      Not until now have computer been programmed to (37) ___ to a range of spoken commands.Until recently it was thought that computers would have tobe programmed to the accent and speech hahits of each user,and only then would be able to respond(38) ___to their master’s or mistress’s voice.Now rapid progress is being made (39) ______systems programmed to adapt easily to each new speaker.     The IBM Tangora system,under development at the end of 1980s was claimed to (40) ______a spoken vocabulary of 20,000 words with 95 percent accuracy. The system includes a processor that can  make informed guesses as to(41)______is a likely sentence.That system has been programmed not only with grammatical rules,but also with an analyssis of a vast quantity of office correspondence.On the(42) ______ of this information ,the machine can calculate the probability of one particular word following another.      Statistical probability is necessary for computers to interpret not only speech but also(43) ______data.Security systems can distinguish between faces they have been taught to recognize,but never has a computerbeen able to match a human’s ability to make sense of a three-dimemsional scene(44) ______identifying all objects in it.                  (From ‘Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant .Grammar’ by Milada Broukal)

Xem chi tiết 4.3 K lượt xem 5 năm trước