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Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insectsan estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized. The word “striking” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_____________

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. The Art World One of the maj or problems in the art world is how to distinguish and promote an artist. In effect, a market must be created for an artist to be successful.The practice of signing and numbering individual prints was introduced by James Abbott McNeill whistler, the nineteenth - century artist best known for the painting of his mother, called “Arrangement in Grey and Black”, but known to most of us as“ whistler’s Mother”. Whistler’s brother - in - law, Sir Francis Seymour Haden, a less well - known artist, had speculated that collectors might find prints more attractive if they knew that they were only a limited number of copies produced. By signing the work in pencil, an artist could guarantee and personalize each print. As soon as Whistler and Haden began the practice of signing and numbering their prints, their work began to increase in value, when other artists noticed that the signed prints commanded higher prices, they began copying the procedure. Although most prints are signed on the right - hand side in the margin below the image, the placement of the signature is a matter of personal choice. Indeed, prints have been signed within the image, in any of the margins, or even on the reverseside of the print, wherever the artist elects to sign it, a signed print is still valued above an unsigned one, even in the same edition. Which of the following would be a better title for the passage?

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C,or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. Not everybody recognises the benefits of new developments in communications technology. Indeed, some people fear that text messaging may actually be having a negative (33) _____________on young people’s communication and language skills, especially when we hear that primary school children may be at risk of becoming addicted to the habit. So widespread has texting become, however, that even pigeons have started doing it. (34) _____________, in this case, it’s difficult to view the results as anything but positive. Twenty of the birds are about to take to the skies with the task of measuring air pollution, each (35) _____________with sensor equipment and a mobile phone. The readings made by the sensors will be automatically converted into text messages and beamed to the Internet - (36) _____________they will appear on a dedicated ‘pigeon blog’. The birds will also each have a GPS receiver and a camera to capture aerial photos, and researchers are building a tiny ‘pigeon kit’ containing all these gadgets. Each bird will carry these in a miniature backpack, (37) ____________ , that is, from the camera, which will hang around its neck. The data the pigeons text will be displayed in the form of an interactive map, which will provide local residents with up-to-the-minute information on their local air quality.

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.      An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous changes. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled- a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.       Many of more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxides and nitrogen oxides are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.       However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is an concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact, the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0. 08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however has a natural level of 0. 1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.  What does the passage mainly discuss?

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on you answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.       Stella McCartney was born in 1972, the daughter of pop star Sir Paul McCartney. She is the youngest of three sisters. One sister is a potter and the other sister does the same job as their mother used to do - she works as a photographer. Stella's brother, James, is a musician. Stella first hit the newspaper headlines in 1995 when she graduated in fashion design from art college. At her final show, her clothes were modeled by her friends, Naomi Campbell and Kate Moss, both well-known models. Unsurprisingly, the student show became front-page news around the world. Stella hadn't been in the news before as a fashion designer but she had spent time working in the fashion world since she was fifteen. In March 1997, Stella went to work for the fashion house Chloe. People said the famous fashion house had given her the job because of her surname and her famous parents but Stella soon showed how good she was. She designs clothes which she would like to wear herself, although she's not a model, and many famous models and actors choose to wear them. In 2001 Stella started her own fashion house and has since opened stores around the world and won many prizes. A lifelong vegetarian, McCartney does not use any leather or fur in her design. Instead, she uses silk, wool and other animal-derived fabrics.  (Source: Adapted from Objective PET)  Which of the following is NOT true about Stella’s family?

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each other numbered blanks.       Wind is a clean source of renewable energy that produces no air or water pollution. And since the wind is free, operational costs are nearly zero (25) _______ a turbine is erected. Mass production and technology advances are making turbines cheaper, and (26) _______ governments offer tax incentives to spur wind-energy development. Drawbacks include complaints from (27) _______ that wind turbines are ugly and noisy. The slowly rotating blades can also kill birds and bats, but not nearly as many as cars, power lines, and high-rise buildings do. The wind is also variable: If it's not blowing, there's no electricity generated. Nevertheless, the wind energy industry is (28) _______. Thanks to global efforts to combat climate change, such as the Paris Agreement, renewable energy is seeing a boom in growth, in (29) _______ wind energy has led the way. From 2000 to 2015, cumulative wind capacity around the world increased from 17,000 megawatts to more than 430,000 megawatts. In 2015, China also surpassed the EU in the number of installed wind turbines and continues to lead installation efforts.  (Adapted from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/) 

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