Đề kiểm tra học kì 1 Tiếng anh 12 năm 2023 có đáp án (Đề 14)

Read the following passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks.

When you wave to a friend, you are using sign language. When you smile at someone, you mean to be (26) _____. When you put one finger in front of your (27) _____ you mean, "Be quiet." Yet, people in different countries may use different sign languages. Once an Englishman was in Italy. He could speak a little Italian. One day while he was walking in the street, he felt (28) _____ and went into a restaurant. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers into it and took them out again and moved his lips. In this way, he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." But the waiter brought him a lot of things to (29) _____ first tea, then coffee, then milk, but no food. The Englishman was sorry that he was not able to tell the waiter he was hungry. When another man came in and put his hands on his stomach. And this sign was (30) _____ enough for the waiter. In a few minutes, the waiter brought him a large plate of bread and meat. At last, the Englishman had his meal in the same way.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Native Americans have been living in what is now the United States of America since long before any Europeans came. They are not just a single group of people – there are many different tribes of Native Americans. Different Native American groups have different languages, religious beliefs, and ways of living, or folkways.

You can see just how different Native American groups can be by comparing one to another. Look at the Hopi people. The Hopi are Native Americans who come from what is now the American Southwest. When the Spanish came to America in the 16th century and found the Hopi people, they nicknamed them “pueblo people” because Hopi people didn’t move around much – they lived together in what amounted to towns. Pueblo is a Spanish word that means “town”. The Hopi have always have been a very peaceful people. Their name comes from the term Hopituh Shi-nu-mu, which means, in the Hopi language, “The peaceful People” or “Peaceful Little Ones”.

Now compare the Hopi to Navajo. The Navajo come from the same general area as the Hopi. But instead of being a “pueblo people”, instead of staying in one place, they moved around. They didn’t live in permanent towns like the Hopi. They were a “semi-nomadic” people. While the Hopi were historically known for farming, the Navajo were known for hunting and gathering. After they met the Spanish, the Navajo became known for herding sheep. The Hopi, not so much.

The Hopi and the Navajo were, and are, two very distinct groups of people, and they come from the same part of the continent! So think about how much other tribes from other parts of the continent might differ.

For thousands of years the Chinook have lived near the coast of the Pacific Ocean. They were known, and are still known, for being skilled fishers. The Chinook would make huge dug-out canoes, and the fish that they caught most often was salmon. The salmon was a very important food source for the Chinook, and it plays a large role in the Chinook sense of identity.

All the way across the country, over in what is now Maine, the Penobscot also derive meaning and a sense of identity from the animals they hunt. But they are completely different animals: beavers, otters, moose, bears, and caribou.

Today, there may not be as many thriving Native American tribes as there used to be but there are more than a few. The United States of America federally recognizes more than 500 different Native American tribes. When a tribe is federally recognized, it means that tribe may form its own government with its own laws, taxes, rules. There are also about 400 non-federally recognized tribes. All I all, there are about 1000 different groups of Native American people in the United States, and each group is unique.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives.

Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to manipulate toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social skills for interacting with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.

Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.

Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain. Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences.

There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Simple forms of learning involve a single stimulus. A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder. In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment). People and animals can also learn by observation - that is, by watching others perform behaviors. More complex forms of learning include learning languages, concepts, and motor skills.