Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.

Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.

Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.

It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.

Finally, it is worth noting that the terms ''standard", "colloquial”, and "slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.

Câu 1

Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

A. Standard speech

B. Idiomatic phrases

C. Dictionary usage

D. Different types of vocabulary

Lời giải

Chọn D

1. Dẫn chứng “Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.”

Câu 2

The word "appropriate” is closest in meaning to.

A. old

B. correct

C. important

D. large

Lời giải

appropriate = correct: phù hợp

Câu 3

The word "obscurity" could best be replaced by.

A. qualification

B. disappearance

C. influence

D. tolerance

Lời giải

obscurity = disappearance: biến mất

Câu 4

The word "them" refers to.

A. slang phrases

B. words

C. the majority

D. memories

Lời giải

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Danh sách câu hỏi:

Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

The word "appropriate” is closest in meaning to.

The word "obscurity" could best be replaced by.

The word "them" refers to.

Which of the following is TRUE of standard usage?

One of the girls who ______ working in this department ______ my niece.

Students are encouraged to participate______ after-school activities.

The animal performance is going to (show) _______ on television tonight.

The company received __________complaints about the quality of its products.

B. continued

C. continuous

D. continuing

The government is thinking of bringing _______ a law to prohibit the killing of endangered animals.

The idea ______ to nothing because I couldn’t afford to do it.

The sun was _______clouds.

Their eventual choice of house was _______ by the time Peter would take to get to the office.

They avoid the usual tourist attractions in favor of places that are off the _____ track.

______ summer of 1996, when I was born, was hot and dry.

Tìm và sửa lỗi sai: Commercial airliners do not fly in the vicinity of volcanic eruptions because even a small amount of volcanic ash can damage its engines.

I've been looking for this book for months and _______ I found it.

Mary applied for a _______ in the firm that I had worked for.

Tìm và sửa lỗi sai: Given its recent cancellations of numerous flights, many people have expressed doubts about the reliance of the airline.

The early railroads were ________ the existing arteries of transportation: roads, turnpikes, canals, and other waterways.

When I finish writing this composition, I’m going to __________ and go to bed.

The union and the management are in _______ over working conditions.

Althea Corporation ______ by many analysts to be the most innovative software company in the industry.

Sam ______ to change a light bulb when he slipped and fell.

The supermarket chain has promised to cut down ______ packaging.

Their house is _______ near the Cathedral.

The most _______ way of learning a language is by living in the country concerned.

He was selected to play despite a string of _______ recent performances.

Tìm từ đồng nghĩa với từ gạch chân: Coal burning releases a large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Dr. Hooper at Michigan United Hospital is the world's _______ authority on knee replacement surgeries.

________, after trying three times, he passed the examination.

Ninety ________ the maximum length of time allowed for entrance exams to this school.

The traffic in town was very ___________ and I arrived home earlier than expected.

The witness’s account was not _______ with the facts.

There was a rise _______ the demand ______ smoke alarms that week.

What do you think of your new bookkeeper?” - “He works __________ his figures never need __________.”

When the storm _____ this area tomorrow, it will bring with its great destructive force.

With ski season fast ________, investors are wondering whether the ski lodge will be completed by the first snow fall.

Now that we have finished painting the house, there is nothing left _______.

The man ______ under oath at court and was charged with perverting the course of justice.

I don't think this fashion will catch ________.

I finished my homework a few days ahead _______ the deadline.

Most of the food _______ (prepare) by Jane’s mother.

Serena is still ________ ignorant of the fact that she is about to be made redundant.

Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia. (reducing the relative clauses) =>__________________________________________________.

“The baby's not screaming anymore.” “He’s teething and I gave him an aspirin so that he _______ down.”

The patient is getting on __________.

_______ the simplified characters used on the Chinese mainland, traditional Chinese characters are used for writing in Taiwan and Hong Kong.

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One of the girls who working in this department my niece.

Tìm và sửa lỗi sai:

Commercial airliners do not fly in the vicinity of volcanic eruptions because even a small amount of volcanic ash can damage its engines.

Tìm và sửa lỗi sai:

Given its recent cancellations of numerous flights, many people have expressed doubts about the reliance of the airline.

Tìm từ đồng nghĩa với từ gạch chân:

Coal burning releases a large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

There was a rise _ the demand smoke alarms that week.

What do you think of your new bookkeeper?” - “He works his figures never need .”

Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia.

(reducing the relative clauses)

=>__________________________________________________.