Giải SBT Toán 8 KNTT Bài 31: Định nghĩa và ý nghĩa của đạo hàm có đáp án

Tại điểm x₀ = 1 ta có y₀ = 2×1² + 3×1 – 1 = 4.

Với x ≠ 1, ta có $\frac{y-4}{x-1}=\frac{2x^2+3x-1-4}{x-1}$$=\frac{2x^2+3x-5}{x-1}$$=\frac{\left(2x+5\right)\left(x-1\right)}{x-1}=2x+5$

Do đó y'(1) = $\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{y-4}{x-1}=$$\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\left(2x+5\right)=7$ . Vậy y'(1) = 7.

+ Có f'(0) =  $\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(0\right)}{x-0}$$=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{x{\left(2x-1\right)}^2}{x}$$=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }{\left(2x-1\right)}^2=1$

Vậy f'(0) = 1.

+ Có f'(1) = $\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(1\right)}{x-1}$$=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{x{\left(2x-1\right)}^2-1}{x-1}$

$=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{\left(x-1\right){\left(2x-1\right)}^2+{\left(2x-1\right)}^2-1}{x-1}$

$=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{\left(x-1\right){\left(2x-1\right)}^2+\left(2x-1-1\right)\left(2x-1+1\right)}{x-1}$

$=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{\left(x-1\right){\left(2x-1\right)}^2+4x\left(x-1\right)}{x-1}$

$=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{\left(x-1\right)\left[{\left(2x-1\right)}^2+4x\right]}{x-1}$

$=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\left[{\left(2x-1\right)}^2+4x\right]$$=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\left(4x^2+1\right)=5$

Vậy f'(1) = 5.

Ta có f(0) = (0 – 1)² = 1.

Ta có $\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(0\right)}{x-0}$$=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{{\left(x-1\right)}^2-1}{x}$$=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{x^2-2x}{x}$$=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\left(x-2\right)=-2$

$\underset{x\to 0^{-}}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(0\right)}{x-0}$$=\underset{x\to 0^{-}}{\lim }\frac{1-2x-1}{x}$$=\underset{x\to 0^{-}}{\lim }\frac{-2x}{x}=-2$

Suy ra $\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(0\right)}{x-0}=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(0\right)}{x-0}=\underset{x\to 0^{-}}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(0\right)}{x-0}=-2$

Vậy f'(0) = −2.

a) Đặt y = f(x) = ax².

Ta có y'(x₀) = $\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(x_0\right)}{x-x_0}$$=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{a{x}^2-a{x}_0^2}{x-x_0}$

$=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{a\left(x^2-x_0^2\right)}{x-x_0}$$=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{a\left(x-x_0\right)\left(x+x_0\right)}{x-x_0}$$=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\left[a\left(x+x_0\right)\right]=2a{x}_0$

Vậy y'(x₀) = 2ax₀.

b) Đặt $y=f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{x-1}$

Ta có y'(x₀) = $\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(x_0\right)}{x-x_0}$$=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{x-1}-\frac{1}{x_0-1}}{x-x_0}$

$=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{x_0-1-\left(x-1\right)}{\left(x-1\right)\left(x_0-1\right)}}{x-x_0}$$=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{\left(x_0-x\right)}{\left(x-1\right)\left(x_0-1\right)}}{x-x_0}$$=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{-1}{\left(x-1\right)\left(x_0-1\right)}$$=\frac{-1}{{\left(x_0-1\right)}^2}$

Vậy $y^{\text{'}}\left(x_0\right)=\frac{-1}{{\left(x_0-1\right)}^2}$ , x₀ ≠ 1.