According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades to research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category to “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs to that particular group. Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

Câu 32:

What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. How leadership differs in small and large groups

B. The role of leaders in social groups

C. The problems faced by leaders

D. How social groups determine who will lead them

Xem đáp án

Câu 33:

The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT: _______.

A. formal election process

B. recruitment

C. specific leadership training

D. traditional cultural patterns

Xem đáp án

Câu 34:

In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 7, the author is making the point that _______.

A. “natural leaders’ are easily accepted by the members of a social group

B. few people qualify as “natural leaders”

C. there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist

D. “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics

Xem đáp án

Câu 35:

The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on _______.

A. sharing responsibility with group members

B. achieving a goal

C. identifying new leaders

D. ensuring harmonious relationships

Xem đáp án

Câu 36:

The word “collective” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to _______.

A. particular

B. typical

C. necessary

D. group

Xem đáp án

Câu 37:

The word “them” in the third paragraph refers to _______.

A. group members

B. goals of the group

C. expressive leaders

D. tension and conflict

Xem đáp án

Câu 38:

A “secondary relationship” mentioned in line 20 between a leader and the members of a group could be best characterized as _______.

A. enthusiastic

B. unreliable

C. personal

D. distant

Xem đáp án

Đoạn văn 2

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet ti indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

NOT ALL HACKERS ARE THE SAME

As computer use becomes more common, the need for security is more important than ever. One of the greatest security threats in the online world is computer hacking. Computer hacking is the unauthorized access to a computer or network of computers. Hackers are people who illegally enter systems. They may alter or delete information, steal private information, or spread viruses that can damage or destroy files. But how exactly can a hacker get into a system to do these things? Most hackers use information called protocols that are built into computer software. These protocols allow computers to interact with one another. Protocols are sort of like computer police officers. When a computer connects to another system, the protocols check to see if the access is valid. The protocols can also determine how much information can be shared between the two systems. Hackers can manipulate the protocols to get unlimited access to a computer system. In fact, just the act of entering a computer network is considered hacking. This is commonly called passive hacking. Passive hackers get a rush from just being able to access challenging system like a bank or military network. Another kind of hacker tries to do damage to a system. After hacking into systems, these hackers release viruses or alter, delete, or take information. Known as active hackers, they are, by far, the more dangerous of the two. The easiest way to protect a system is with a good password. Long and unusual passwords are harder for hackers to guess. For even greater security, some online services now use “password-plus” systems. In this case, users first put in a password and then put in a second code that changes after the user accesses the site. Users either have special cards or devices that show them the new code to use the next time. Even if a hacker steals the password, they won’t have the code. Or if the hacker somehow gets the code, they still don’t know the password.

Câu 39:

What is the main idea of this reading?

A. good ways to stop hackers

B. funny things hackers do

C. famous hackers

D. hackers and computer security

Xem đáp án

Câu 40:

What do hackers do to get into computers?

A. Manipulate codes

B. Spread viruses

C. Make a new password

D. Change security programs

Xem đáp án

Câu 41:

What is NOT considered hacking?

A. Releasing a virus

B. Changing unauthorized information.

C. Illegally accessing a computer.

D. Turning on a private computer.

Xem đáp án

Câu 42:

What does “plus” in “password-plus” mean?

A. long

B. fast

C. extra

D. danger

Xem đáp án

Câu 43:

The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to_______.

A. computers

B. users

C. hackers

D. systems

Xem đáp án

Đoạn văn 3

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or Don your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks.

Ecotourism is a (44)_____ business that many tour operators cite as being helpful to nature. Every year, millions of people descend on protected and pristine natural areas to observe rare species. (45)_____, a new report casts doubt on the value of this form of tourism. In fact, it suggests that ecotourism is more damaging than helpful to nature. Details are in a report published in the journal 'Trends in Ecology and Evolution'. Researchers believe tourists are disrupting animals in their natural habitat. They pointed to a recent event where sea turtles in Costa Rica had problems laying their eggs because of the hordes of tourists (46)_____ had congregated to watch the turtles' nesting habits. The report says that ecotourism is making animals bolder and that this could (47)_____ the animals. A regular human presence might make animals tamer and less cautious about (48)_____ animals around them, and this could put them at risk of being attacked by their natural threats.

Câu 44: